1. Genetic Engineering 4-23-2015 How can humans manipulate DNA?
CHAPTER 13 Standard 4.9
Genetic Engineering
How can humans manipulate DNA?

2. 13-1 Selective Breeding Choosing the “best” traits for breeding
All products of selective breeding is artificial selection

3. Hybridization
Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms
Produces hybrids

4. Golden Doodle Puggle
Designer breeds or mutts?

5. INBREEDING
Inbreeding = continued breeding of similar individuals (ex. pure breed dogs)
Has risks… increases breed’s susceptibility to disease & deformities
Golden retrievers - epilepsy
Dalmations - hereditary deafness

6. Increasing Variation
Breeders can increase variation in a population by inducing mutations
   Mutation = any change in DNA    
Mutations can happen randomly, as in this Scottish fold cat. Cat enthusiasts bred these cats from a single cat with a mutation for the ears.

7. Mutations produce new kinds of bacteria ex. oil-eating bacteria

8. Mutations produce new kinds of plants
Ex. day lilies, bananas, citrus fruits
Polyploid plants have multiple sets of chromosomes. 

10. 13-2 DNA Technology
GENETIC ENGINEERING technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert DNA of another organism
= making changes in the DNA code of a living organism

11. Bacterial Transformation
The changing of one strain of bacteria into another strain

12. Plasmid: a circular piece of DNA found in bacteria
F+ bacterium contains a plasmid
F- bacterium does not contain a plasmid

13. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
1-Remove the plasmid from the bacterium.

14. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
2-Isolate the gene of interest.
A gene of interest is a piece of DNA that codes for a protein we want more of

15. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
3-Open the plasmid by cutting it with a restriction enzyme
This leaves “sticky ends”
Which need to be the complement of the sticky ends left on the DNA fragment you want to insert.

16. Sticky Ends

17. Sticky Ends
The restriction enzyme EcoR1 cuts the DNA at the sequence GAATTC, between the G and the A

18. Sticky Ends

19. Sticky Ends

20. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
4-Insert the gene of interest

21. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
5-Insert the plasmid with recombinant DNA into a new bacterium.
Recombinant DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms

22. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
6-The bacteria reproduces itself and the plasmid. All descendants express the inserted gene

23. Bacterial Transformation

24. DNA SEQUENCE (Gel Electrophoresis)
- Used to solve crimes or determine paternity
- Requires restriction enzyme to cut the DNA , and electrophoresis to separate it

25. Steps of Crime Scene Investigation or Who the Baby DADDY????
a.)  DNA extraction
Making Copies
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
used to make multiple copies of genes

26. c.  cutting DNA – restriction enzymes
d.) separating & analyzing DNA Scientist use gel electrophoresis =

28. Transgenic Organisms Contains genes from other species
Microorganisms (bacteria)
Animals (mouse; medical uses)
Plants (agricultural uses)
*GM Crops

29. Gene causes these mice to glow in the dark
Gene causes these mice to glow in the dark. Normally, the gene is found in jellyfish.

32. Cloning
member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
easy to clone single cell organisms
multicellular organisms more difficult to clone
a twin is a natural clone
1997  Dolly the sheep cloned, 1st mammal

33. Clones do exist naturally. These are identical twins.

36. How to Clone a Sheep

37. Cloning a Human

38. CC was the first cloned cat (Rainbow is the original). 
The reason is that the genes for color randomly turn on or off for the skin cells, creating random coloration even on the cloned cat.

39. How Can Cloning Be Useful?
1.  Save endangered species by storing DNA and cloning
2.  Make multiple copies of a useful gene (insulin for diabetics)
3.  Clone spare parts, like organs or bone marrow
4.  Create experimental groups for studying (animals)
5.  Clone "special" animals, pets or horses

40. Click and Clone