1. Dinoflagellate orders with toxic/harmful representatives
O. Prorocentrales
O. Dinophysiales
O. Gymnodiniales
K. Tangen
Prorocentrum
Dinophysis
Karenia
O. Peridinales
O. Noctilucales
O. Dinamoebiales
Pfisteria
Protoceratium
Noctiluca

2. Toxins in dinoflagellatesthat accumulate in mussels, fish, birds and mammals, and are toxic to humans (or mice)
Based on chemistry
Saxitoxin group (PSP)
Okadaic acid group (DSP)
Pectenotoxin group
Yessotoxin group
Brevetoxin group (NSP)
Azaspiracid group (AZP)
Cyclic imine group
Based on symptoms
PSP=Paralytic shellfish poisoning
DSP=Diarrheic shellfish poisoning
NSP=Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
CFP=Ciguatera fish poisoning

3. PSP - Paralytic shellfish poisoning
Acute symptoms: Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, tingling sensation, respiratory and muscular paralysis
Mechanisms: Na+ Ca2 channel blocker
Duration: Days
Incubation time: 5-30 min
Poisoning: About 2500 reported cases before 1993, 1-14% death rate. Some lighter cases in Norway, no mortalities.

4. DSP -Diarrheic shellfish poisoning
Incubation: 30 min-12h
Acute symptoms: Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), headache.
Chronic: tumour promotion?
Mechanisms: Phosphatase inhibitor
Duration: Days
Poisoning: Many thousands of cases in Europe, Asia and Australia/New Zealand. Similar symptoms to bacterial infection. No mortalities.

5. NSP- Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
Toxins may accumulate in clams and cause massive death of fish, birds, calms and may harm mammals. Aerosols occur.
Symptomer: Similar to PSP symptoms
Mechanisms: Neurotoxic, Na+-channel activator (Åpner Na+-kanaler og depolariserer hvilepotensialet i nerveceller). Aerosol-exposure may cause respiratory problems
Distribution: In the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and North Carolina. Detected in New Zealand.

6. Ciguatera fish poisoning
Related to consumption of tropical and subtropical marine fish (e.g. barracuda, red snapper, grouper) from some coral reef areas
Incubation: > 24h
Symptoms: gastrointestinal symptoms, neurotoxic, reversal of hot and cold sensation
Mechanism: Na+ and Ca2+ channel activators
Poisoning: More than persons estimated to be poisoned every year % death rate, normally not deadly, cause long term ill effects

7. Symptoms and history of illness
Tropical distribution, especially common in French Polynesia, increasingly common in the Gulf of Mexico
Symptoms and history of illness
Acute phase: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, weekness, low heart rate and blood pressure
Post-acute phase: muscle pain, tired, headache, reversal of temperature sensation
Chronic phase: Ataxia (balance), problems with focussing, anguish, depression, sensitivity to wine and acetic acid

8. Toxin production in dinoflagellates
PSP (saxitoxins) paralytic toxins Alexandrium
DSP (ocadaic acid) diarrhoetic toxins Dinophysis, Prorocentrum lima
NSP (brevetoxins) neuro toxins Karenia brevis
PTX pectenotoxins Dinophysis
YTX yessotoxins Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum
spirolids (cyclic imine) Alexandrium ostenfeldii
AZP azaspiracid DSP symptomes
not Protoperidinium crassipes , small thecate
ichthyotoxins Karenia, Karlodinium
CFP ciguatera fish poisioning Gambierdiscus toxicus

9. Orden Gymnodiniales - “naked”
Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami ex Oda) Hansen & Moestrup syn. Gymnodinium mikimotoi syn. Gymnodinium nagasakiense syn Gyrodinium cf. aureolum i europeiske farvann
LM-graph
produce ichthyotoxins
SEM-graph

10. Karenia brevis (Davis) G.Hansen & Moestrup
Syn. Gymnodinium breve
Syn. Ptychodiscus brevis
Produce NSP-toxins

11. Karlodinium veneficum
Syn. Karlodinium micrum, Gymnodinium galatheanum
produce ichthyotoxins

12. orden Prorocentrales
Prorocentrum lima DSP toxin

13. orden Dinophysiales Dinophysis spp. Okadaic acid Pectenotoxins
Venstre sulcuslist
Dinophysis rotundata
Dinophysis acuta

14. Dinophysis - diversity
Okadaic acid – cause DSP
Pectenotoxins – do not cause DSP in humans

15. Dinophysis-bloom, Southern coast of Norway

16. Plate formulas Kofoidian system for plate numbering Plate formulas
Essential plates
Practical application

17. Plate formulas the number of plates of each type is genus specific
Po, x - at apex
’ – apical plates touch apex
a – intercalar plates of epitheca
’’ – precingular plates touch cingulum
c – cingulum plates
s – sulcus plates
’’’ – postcingular plates touch cingulum
p – intercalar plates of hypotheca
’’’’ – antapical plates at antapex
epitheca
hypotheca

18. Alexandrium-arter
Plate formula; Po, 4’, 0a, 6’’, 6c, 9(10), 5’’’,2’’’’

19. Order Peridiniales Alexandrium Plateformula
Po, 4’, 0a, 6’’, 6c, 9(10)s, 5’’’, 2’’’’
Essential plates; apical, 6 pre-cingular

20. Alexandrium minutum

21. Alexandrium minutum
PSP-toxins
(saxitoxins)

23. stained with calcofluor white, observed in fluorescence microscope
Produce spirolids (cyclic imine group), no evidence for effects on humans

24. Alexandrium tamarense

25. PSP-toxines
(Saxitoxins)

26. Po, 4’, 0a, 6’’, 6c, 9(10), 5’’’,2’’’’
Po, 3’, 3a, 6’’, 6c, 7s, 6’’’, 2’’’’

27. Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge
Syn. Gonyaulax polyedra
Po, 3’, 3a, 6’’, 6c, 7s, 6’’’, 2’’’’
cyste – hvilespore
YTX-toxins (yessotoxin) –
(do not cause DSP in humans)
cyst
SEM-graphs E. Beckstrøm
LM.graph – B. Dale UiO

28. Protoceratium reticulatum
Plate formula Protoceratium; Po, 3’, 0a, 6’’, 6c, 6s, 6’’’, 2’’’’
Protoceratium reticulatum
(Claparède & Lachmann) Bütschli
Syn. Gonyaulax grindleyi
YTX-toxins (yessotoxin) –
(do not cause DSP in humans)
Large and very reticulated plates

29. AZP (azaspirazid) – symptoms similar to DSP
Protoperidinium crassipes (Kofoid) Balech
syn Peridinium crassipes Kofoid
Not the causative organism
New small thecate that is in the process of being formally described has been shown to produce AZP
AZP (azaspirazid) – symptoms similar to DSP

30. orden Noctilucales
Toxic? Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy
Acumulates ammonium and may harm fish
cellevakuole med stort ammoniuminnhold gir flyteevne

31. Noctiluca scintillans

32. orden Dinamoebales Genus with toxic species
Pfiesteria Steidinger & Burkholder
Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger & Burkholder
Pfiesteria shumwayae Glasgow & Burkholder
Both species known from sediments in Norway
(brackish water, Sandvikselva, Oslofjorden)

33. Pfiesteria piscicida toxic ”flesh eating” Peduncle for feeding
Plate sutures after staining with calcofluor white with Fluorescence microscopy

34. Plateformula P. piscicida Po, cp, X, 4’, 1a, 5’’, 6c, 4s, 5’’’, 2’’’’
P. shumwayae
Po, cp, X, 6’, 1a, 5’’, 6c, 4s, 5’’’, 2’’’’
triangulær
rektangulær

35. Pfiesteria piscicida Pfiesteria shumwayae
etter HAB 2003

37. foreslått livssyklus hos P. piscicida
planozygote
zoospore TOX A
zoospore TOX B
hypnozygote