1. Heart Valves
This graphic shows the A-V valves, and the outflow valves

2. Heart Valves

3. Heart Valves
As the ventricles start contracting, the closing AV valves are subject to strong forces. To prevent valve damage at an early age, the AV valves are tethered to the walls of the ventricles by “heart strings” (chordae tendineae) attached to papillary muscles.
The papillary muscles pull on the AV valves via the chordae tendineae, slowing their closure and preventing trauma to the valves.

4. Heart Valves

5. Valves
In contrast to the delicate, leafy folds of the AV valves, the Outflow valves have rather firm cusps that each look like a semi-full moon
(semilunar).
Each cusp makes up
about a third of
the valve.

6. Valves
The outflow valves open with ventricular ejection and close when blood in the aorta and pulmonary outflow tracts begins to leak back into
the ventricles.
The semilunar cusps act
like sails, catching the
blood and closing the valve.

7. Valves
Surprisingly, perhaps, there are no valves guarding the junction between the venae cavae and the right atrium or the pulmonary veins and the left atrium. As the atria contract, a small amount of blood does
flow backward into these vessels, but
it is minimized by the way the atria
contract, which compresses,
and nearly collapses the
venous entry points.

8. Arteries and Veins
Arteries are vessels that always conduct blood away from the heart – with just a few exceptions, arteries contain oxygenated blood.
Most arteries in the body
are thick-walled and
exposed to high pressures
and friction forces.

9. Arteries and Veins
Veins are vessels that always bring blood back to the heart - with just a few exceptions, veins contain deoxygenated blood.
Most veins in the body
are thin-walled and
exposed to low
pressures and minimal
friction forces.

10. Arteries and Veins
The major arteries that attach to the heart are the arch of the aorta (with its ascending and descending portions), the pulmonary trunk (with its left and right pulmonary arteries), and the coronary arteries.
The major veins that attach to the heart are the superior and inferior venae cavae, the 4 pulmonary veins, and the coronary sinus (on the back of the heart).

11. View of the front of the heart
Arteries and Veins
View of the front of the heart

12. Heart Valves
The outflow valves are positioned at the entrance to the outflow vessels leading into the pulmonary and systemic circulation:
The right outflow valve (also called the pulmonary valve) opens into the
pulmonary trunk.
The left outflow valve
(also called the aortic valve)
opens into the aortic arch.

13. Arteries and Veins

14. Arteries and Veins
A cadaver dissection showing the major blood vessels in the anterior mediastinum