1. Exam #3 W 4/7 in class
Review T 4/6 at 6-8pm in SZB 104

2. Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response.
Fig 48.3
Responses can be release of hormones, change in cell activity, or muscle contraction
Response

3. Muscles can only contract
Muscles can only contract. Therefore, two muscles are needed for each range of motion.
Fig 50.32

4. 2 nerve signals for every movement: excitatory and inhibitory
Fig 50.32

5. How do muscles contract?

6. Fig 50.29
Excitatory neuro-transmitters released by motor neurons cause muscle cells to contract

7. Muscle cells are comprised of series of sarcomeres.
Fig 50.25
Muscle cells are comprised of series of sarcomeres.

8. Each sarcomere is a repeating unit of actin and myosin proteins
Fig 50.25
Each sarcomere is a repeating unit of actin and myosin proteins

9. As each sarcomere contracts, the muscle cell contracts
Fig 50.25
As each sarcomere contracts, the muscle cell contracts

10. Neuro-transmitters released at nerve/
Fig 50.29
Neuro-transmitters released at nerve/
muscle junction cause calcium to be released in muscle

11. A third protein, tropomyosin controls when the muscle contracts
Fig 50.28
A third protein, tropomyosin controls when the muscle contracts

12. ATP provides the energy for myosin movement along the actin
Fig 50.27
ATP provides the energy for myosin movement along the actin

13. The contraction of muscle cells causes the muscle to contract

14. Taking in food and oxygen exposes us to pathogens
esophagus
stomach

15. Pathogen: a disease causing agent

16. E. coli
Phage virus
Ebola
Fungus from soil
various pathogens

17. The Immune System Specific: Non-specific: B-cells -> antibodies
T-cells
Non-specific:
barriers
Fig 43.2

18. Non-Specific Immune System Barriers: Skin-
Dry
Inhospitable
Competition
Secretions (lysozyme)
Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)
Traps particles, swallowed
Stomach acid
kills pathogens
Fig 43.2

19. Skin protects us from most pathogens

20. Fig 43.2

21. Hairs and Mucus (protect openings) Traps particles Stomach acid
kills pathogens
esophagus
stomach

22. Non-Specific Immune System Barriers: Skin-
Dry
Inhospitable
Competition
Secretions (lysozyme)
Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)
Traps particles, swallowed
Stomach acid
kills pathogens
Fig 43.2

23. The Immune System Specific: Non-specific: B-cells -> antibodies
T-cells
Non-specific:
barriers
Fig 43.2

24. The Specific Immune System

25. B-cells and T-cells move through the circulatory system scanning for pathogens

26. B-cells develop in bone marrow
T-cells in the thymus

27. B-cells make and secrete antibodies
Fig 43.14

28. Variable region
An Antibody
Constant
region
Fig 43.10

29. Antibodies recognize and bind to antigens
Fig 43.10

30. B-cells male antibodies that bind to antigens marking them for destruction
Marked for
destruction
by WBC
Fig 43.19

31. Each B-cell/antibody recognizes a specific antigen
Fig 43.14

32. B-cell DNA rearranges to make a unique and random gene
Fig 43.13

33. Specific Immune System
Overview
Fig 43.16

34. Exam #3 W 4/7 in class
Review T 4/6 at 6-8pm in SZB 104