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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 28 Table of Contents Section 1 Overview of Plants
Plant Evolution and Classification
Chapter 28
Table of Contents
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Section 3 Vascular Plants

4. Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Objectives
Name three adaptations plants have made to life on land.
Summarize the classification of plants.
Describe alternation of generations.

5. Chapter 28 Adapting to Land
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Adapting to Land
Three adaptations have allowed plants to be successful on land:
a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss by evaporation
haploid spores and diploid seeds to protect reproductive cells
special vascular tissues (tubes & vessels) called xylem and phloem for absorbing minerals from rocky surfaces and transporting materials within the plant.

6. Chapter 28 Vascular Tissue
Xylem: hollow, tubular cells stacked one on top of the other to form a structure called a vessel; transport water and dissolved substances to roots, stems, leaves
Phloem: tubular cells that are stacked to form structures called tubes; move food from where it is made to other parts of the plant where it is used or stored
Cambium: between xylem and phloem; produces new xylem and phloem

7. Requirements for Plants to Survive on Land
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Requirements for Plants to Survive on Land
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

8. Chapter 28 Classifying Plants
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Classifying Plants
The 12 phyla of plants are divided into two groups based on the presence of vascular tissue.
The three phyla of nonvascular plants have neither true vascular tissue nor roots, stems, or leaves.
Most members of the nine phyla of vascular plants have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and true roots, stems, and leaves.

9. Classifying Plants, continued
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Classifying Plants, continued
Vascular plants can be further divided into two groups, seedless plants and seed plants.
Seed plants include four phyla of gymnosperms and one phylum of angiosperms.

10. Evolutionary Relationship Between Plants and Green Algae
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Evolutionary Relationship Between Plants and Green Algae

11. Alternating Life Cycles
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Alternating Life Cycles
All plants have a life cycle known as alternation of generations.
A haploid gametophyte produces gametes (by process of mitosis) Gametes unite and give rise to a diploid sporophyte.
Through meiosis, the sporophyte produces haploid spores, which develop into gametophytes.
The dominant generation in nonvascular plants is the gametophyte
The dominant generation in vascular plants is the sporophyte

12. Alternation of Generations
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Alternation of Generations

13. Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Life Cycles of Plants

14. Alternation of Generations
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Chapter 28
Alternation of Generations
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

15. Chapter 28 Objectives Identify the characteristics of bryophytes.
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Objectives
Identify the characteristics of bryophytes.
Describe plants in the phylum Bryophyta.
Describe plants in the phylum Hepatophyta.
Describe plants in the phylum Anthocerophyta.

16. Seedless Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Seedless Nonvascular Plants
Don’t grow from seeds; just a few cells thick and only 2 to 5 cm in height; no flowers or cones ~ reproduce by spores
Mosses Liverworts Hornworts

17. Characteristics of Bryophytes
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Bryophytes
The three phyla of nonvascular plants are collectively called bryophytes.
These plants do not have true roots, stems, or leaves.
They are very small and are usually found in moist areas.

18. Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

19. Chapter 28 Phylum Bryophyta… …Are the mosses.
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Phylum Bryophyta…
…Are the mosses.
Mosses are attached to the soil/rocks by structures called rhizoids.
As pioneer plants mosses grow and die, decaying material builds up; this, along with the slow breakdown of rocks, builds soil ~ as a result, other organisms can move into the area!
Peat moss is a moss that has many uses.
Fuel
Mulch for garden or house plants
Packing material for plants

20. Chapter 28 Phylum Hepatophyta
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Phylum Hepatophyta
Bryophytes in the phylum Hepatophyta are liverworts.
Liverworts lie close to the ground, which allows them to absorb water readily.

21. Phylum Anthocerophyta
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Phylum Anthocerophyta
Bryophytes in the phylum Anthocerophyta are hornworts.
Hornworts do not have a stem or leaves.
Hornworts have long, thin, hornlike sporophytes that grow out of the top of the plant.

22. Types of Nonvascular Plants
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Chapter 28
Types of Nonvascular Plants
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

23. Chapter 28 Parts of a Moss Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

24. Chapter 28 Objectives Section 3 Vascular Plants
Describe the adaptive advantages that plants have over nonvascular plants.
Summarize the characteristics of the four phyla of seedless vascular plants.
State the major differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Determine why angiosperms have been so successful.
Compare monocots and dicots.

25. Chapter 28 Vascular Plants
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Plants
Vascular plants have several adaptive advantages over nonvascular plants,
including specialized conducting tissues, (xylem and phloem)
the ability to grow large and live in many environments,
and strong stems that allow them to grow tall and receive more sunlight.

26. Seedless Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Seedless Vascular Plants
Reproduce by spores
Have long, tube-like cells (vascular tissue) that carry water, minerals, and food to cells throughout the plant
Can grow bigger and thicker because of this
Epiphytes Club Mosses Horsetails Ferns

27. Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

28. Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without Seeds
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without Seeds
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

29. Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Phylum Psilophyta
The phylum Psilophyta is represented by whisk ferns.
Some are epiphytes that grow on other plants.

30. Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Phylum Lycophyta
The phylum Lycophyta contains the club mosses.
Because they look like miniature pine trees, club mosses are also called ground pines.

31. Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Phylum Sphenophyta
Includes horsetails of the genus Equisetum.
Horsetails have jointed photosynthetic stems that contain silica, with scale like leaves at each joint.

32. Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Phylum Pteridophyta
Ferns belong to the phylum Pteridophyta and represent a diverse group.
Most ferns have an underground stem called a rhizome.

33. Chapter 28 Parts of a Fern Section 3 Vascular Plants
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

34. Types of Seedless Vascular Plants
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Types of Seedless Vascular Plants
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

35. Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants
Seeds enable plants to survive in a dormant state when conditions are not suitable for growth.
Seeds consist of an embryo, a nutrient supply, and a protective coat
Gymnosperms (first land plants to develop seeds) are characterized by naked seeds (not enclosed in a fruit) and no flowers.
Angiosperms have flowers and seeds enclosed by a fruit.

36. Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

37. Characteristics of Gymnosperms
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

38. Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Phylum Cycadophyta
Cycads are gymnosperms of the phylum Cycadophyta.
Although cycads flourished during the age of the dinosaurs, only about 100 species survive today.

39. Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Phylum Ginkgophyta
Like cycads, ginkgoes flourished during the time of the dinosaurs.
The only species existing today is Ginkgo biloba, which is native to China.

40. Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Phylum Coniferophyta
The conifers (the tallest trees in the world), which are gymnosperms of the phylum Coniferophyta, include pine, cedar, redwood, fir, spruce, juniper, cypress, and bald cypress trees.
They are important sources of wood, paper, turpentine, ornamental plants, and Christmas trees.

41. Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Phylum Gnetophyta
Gnetophytes, an odd group of cone-bearing gymnosperms, have vascular systems that more closely resemble those of angiosperms.

42. Chapter 28 Needles and Cones Section 3 Vascular Plants
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

43. Chapter 28 Types of Gymnosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

44. Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
Phylum Anthophyta
Anthophyta, the largest phylum of plants, includes over 240,000 species of flowering plants.
Angiosperms, or the flowering plants, are seed plants characterized by the presence of a flower and fruit.

45. The Evolution of Angiosperms
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
The Evolution of Angiosperms
Angiosperms have been successful for many reasons, including the production of fruit that protects seeds, quick germination, and an efficient vascular system.

46. Characteristics of Angiosperms
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Angiosperms
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

47. Chapter 28 Types of Angiosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

48. Familiar Families of Angiosperms
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Familiar Families of Angiosperms

49. Flowering Plants are classified as Monocots and Dicots…
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Flowering Plants are classified as Monocots and Dicots…
Dicots are distinguished from monocots on the basis of several characteristics: cotyledon number, leaf venation, arrangement of stem vascular tissue, and number of flower parts.
Monocots – one cotyledon used for food storage, e.g., corn, rice, wheat, barley, lilies, orchids, grass
Dicots – two cotyledons; shade trees, fruit trees; petunias; geraniums; snapdragons

50. Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots

51. Comparing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Chapter 28
Comparing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

52. Chapter 28 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following plants are bryophytes?
A. ferns and cycads
B. conifers and ginkgoes
C. hornworts and liverworts
D. horsetails and club mosses

53. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of the following plants are bryophytes?
A. ferns and cycads
B. conifers and ginkgoes
C. hornworts and liverworts
D. horsetails and club mosses

54. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. In which way do mosses help start new biological communities?
F. forming new soil
G. producing spores
H. detecting air pollution
J. slowing decomposition

55. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. In which way do mosses help start new biological communities?
F. forming new soil
G. producing spores
H. detecting air pollution
J. slowing decomposition

56. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. True roots, stems, and leaves are characteristics of which types of plants?
A. all plants
B. all seed plants
C. all angiosperms
D. all vascular plants

57. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. True roots, stems, and leaves are characteristics of which types of plants?
A. all plants
B. all seed plants
C. all angiosperms
D. all vascular plants

58. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following is a vascular seed plant?
F. ferns
G. cycads
H. horsetails
J. club mosses

59. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following is a vascular seed plant?
F. ferns
G. cycads
H. horsetails
J. club mosses

60. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below snows a plant life cycle. Use the diagram to answer the question that follows.

61. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which process occurs at X in this life cycle?
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. alternation
D. fertilization

62. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which process occurs at X in this life cycle?
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. alternation
D. fertilization

63. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. Which of the following phrases describes monocots?
F. bear seeds in cones
G. have parallel venation
H. do not produce flowers
J. have vascular bundles arranged in a circle

64. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. Which of the following phrases describes monocots?
F. bear seeds in cones
G. have parallel venation
H. do not produce flowers
J. have vascular bundles arranged in a circle

65. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. bryophyte : spore :: angiosperm :
A. seed
B. cone
C. ovary
D. cuticle

66. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. bryophyte : spore :: angiosperm :
A. seed
B. cone
C. ovary
D. cuticle

67. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The phylogenetic diagram below shows a possible evolutionary relationship between plants and algae. Use the diagram to answer the question that follows.

68. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. According to this diagram, which plants have evolved most recently?
F. angiosperms
G. gymnosperms
H. nonvascular plants
J. seedless vascular plants

69. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. According to this diagram, which plants have evolved most recently?
F. angiosperms
G. gymnosperms
H. nonvascular plants
J. seedless vascular plants

70. Chapter 28 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
The plant kingdom is very diverse, from small nonvascular plants to large flowering vascular plants.
Explain why some plants have been more successful on land than other plants have been.

71. Short Response, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
The plant kingdom is very diverse, from small nonvascular plants to large flowering vascular plants.
Explain why some plants have been more successful on land than other plants have been.
Answer: Successful land plants have developed vascular systems that transport water and nutrients, cuticles that reduce water loss, seeds which can survive where spores cannot, flowers that protect the developing embryo, and fruits which increase dispersion.

72. Chapter 28 Extended Response Standardized Test Prep
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below.
All plants have a life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid phases.
Part A Name the two phases of a plant life cycle and describe how they differ from each other.
Part B Describe the life cycle of one nonvascular plant and one vascular plant, including the relative sizes of the different forms and other characteristics.

73. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A The sporophyte phase is diploid and produces spores by meiosis. The gametophyte phase is haploid and produces gametes by mitosis.
Part B A moss plant begins life as a zygote, which is attached to the gametophyte. The zygote divides by mitosis and produces haploid gametes, which when fertilized grow into a diploid sporophyte, which stays attached to the gametophyte. The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis. The spores are released. Spores germinate, grow by mitosis, and form a gametophyte. A fern begins life as a zygote, which is attached to the gametophyte. It grows by mitosis to form a sporophyte. The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, and the spores are released. Spores germinate, grow by mitosis and form a gametophyte.