1. Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
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2. Aquatic to Terrestrial Life
Early Ancestors
Aquatic to Terrestrial Life
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Aquatic Ancestor
green algae
Chara
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4. Algae & Land Plant Similarities
Both contain chlorophylls a and b
Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids
Store starch in plastids
Cellulose in cell walls
Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle
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Aquatic Habitat
Terrestrial Habitat
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6. Living in Aquatic Environments
Plants surrounded by water so don’t dry out
Sperm swims to egg
Water supports plant
Plants stay in upper surface near light
Absorb nutrients from the H2O
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7. Plant Adaptations to Land
Solutions:
Roots absorb H2O & minerals
Lignin & cellulose in cell walls
Vascular Transport System
Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells
Pollen containing sperm
Problems:
Need minerals
Gravity
Increase in Height for Light
Adaptations for Drier environment
Reproduction
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8. How Are Plants All Alike?
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9. Plant Characteristics
Multicellular
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes
Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide)
Store reserve food as amylose (starch)
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Plant Reproduction
Alternation of generations life cycle
Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage
Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage
Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue
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Plant Reproduction
Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis
Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage
Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis
Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte
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12. Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte
2n Sporophyte
2n gametophyte
1n pollen
2n seed with plant embryo
Ovary with 1n ovules (eggs)
Sporophyte
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Plant Divisions
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Taxonomy
Plants are divided into two groups
Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials
Called Vascular System
Vascular Bundles
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Vascular System
Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used
Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem
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16. Nonvascular Plants
Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials
Called Bryophytes
Require a constantly moist environment
Sporophyte stage
Gametophyte Stage
Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes
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Nonvascular Plants
Plants can’t grow as tall
Cells must be in direct contact with moisture
Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell
Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets
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Nonvascular Plants
Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta)
Liverworts
Hornworts
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19. Main Parts of Vascular Plants
Shoots
-Found above ground
-Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of plant
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant
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Vascular Plants
Also called Tracheophytes
Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed-bearing vascular plants
Club Moss
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21. Seedless Vascular Plants
Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta)
Whisk ferns
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Horsetails

22. Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones
Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds
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Gymnosperms
Coniferophyta are known as conifers
Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir
Cycadophyta – cycads
Ginkgophyta - ginkgo
Cycad
Ginkgo
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Gymnosperms
Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine
Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood
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Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary
Ovary is within a flower
Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant
Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds)
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Angiosperms
Division Anthophyta
Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots
Monocots have a single seed cotyledon
Dicots have two seed cotyledons
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Monocots
Parallel venation in leaves
Flower parts in multiples of 3
Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem
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Dicots
Net venation in leaves
Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem
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Plant Uses
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30. Why We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce oxygen for the atmosphere
Produce lumber for building
Provide homes and food for many organisms
Prevent erosion
Used for food
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31. More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce wood pulp for paper products
Source of many medicines
Ornamental and shade for yards
Fibers such as cotton for fabric
Dyes
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32. Additional Plant Notes
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33. Plant Cells and Tissues
Plant tissues are made of 3 basic cells types:
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Parenchyma Cells
most common;
store starch, oils, and water;
can be found throughout plant;
location of photosynthesis;
can divide throughout life, so impt for healing
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Collenchyma Cells
varying thickness of cell walls;
most common in younger tissues of leaves and shoots; think of celery strings;
flexible (cell walls lack lignin)
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Scherenchyma Cells
the strongest of the three;
second cell wall hardened by lignin (tough and durable);
can’t grow, so found in parts that are done growing;
many die at maturity;
make up the support system and water-conducting tissues
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Plant Growth
Meristematic tissues cause primary growth (lengthening) and secondary growth (widening)
Cambium – actively growing cells that undergo mitosis
Cork cambium produces bark
Vascular cambium produces xylem and phloem
Root caps protect the meristem tissue, and root hairs absorb water and nutrients
from the soil
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Plant Growth
Secondary growth of woody plants leads to ring formation. The age of a tree can be determined by counting the number of rings.
Climate and other
environmental
conditions such as
fire are also visible.
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40. Plant Organs: Made of 3 Tissue Systems
Can be made up of the 3 basic cell types, or additional cell types (dermal, ground, vascular)
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Dermal Tissue System
Plants’ “skin”
Called epidermis
Made of live parenchyma in the non-woody parts of plants
Wax-coated substance is sometimes secreted
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Ground Tissue System
Provides support and stores materials in roots and stems
In leaves- contain chloroplasts
Consists of all cell types, but parenchyma is the most common
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43. Vascular Tissue System
Surrounded by ground tissue
Transports water, minerals, nutrients, & organic compounds
Made up of 2 networks
Xylem- water and dissolved minerals
Phloem- products of photosynthesis
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How does water get from one point (the roots) to another (the stem or leaves)?
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45. Cohesion-Tension Theory
Think of the physical properties of water…
Which vascular tissue would this take place in?
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