Section 3-4: Translation

Section 3-4: Translation
Essential Question Explain the Central Dogma: How do you go from DNA  RNA  Protein? Learning Targets Explain how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins. Develop a model demonstrating the creation of a protein from DNA that includes the macromolecules and organelles involved Section 3-4: Translation

announcements Section 3 Test Scheduled for this Wednesday: 6/13/18
Section 3 Stamp Sheet due Friday 6/13/18

Don’t forget to chunk your notes!

mRNA C U A G During Translation, tRNA brings the correct amino acid used to build the protein. codon site on ribosome

How does tRNA know WHICH amino acid to bring?
translation How does tRNA know WHICH amino acid to bring?

How does tRNA know WHICH amino acid to bring?
translation How does tRNA know WHICH amino acid to bring? It uses the genetic code table.

mRNA C U A G During Translation, tRNA brings the correct amino acid used to build the protein. codon site on ribosome

The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base 1st Base 3rd Base
phenylalanine leucine isoleucine methionine valine serine proline threonine alanine tyrosine STOP histidine glutamine asparagine lysine aspartate glutamate cysteine tryptophan U C A G arginine glycine 2nd Base The Genetic Code 1st Base 3rd Base

The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G
phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine

phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U leucine proline histidine arginine C C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine A 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine

mRNA C U A G codon A G proline anticodon Anticodons on the tRNA match up with codons on the mRNA to bring the correct amino acid. tRNA amino acid

phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U valine alanine aspartate glycine C G valine alanine glutamate glycine A valine alanine glutamate glycine G

What is the codon for proline?
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U What is the codon for proline? glutamate

What is the anticodon for proline?
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U What is the anticodon for proline? glutamate

What is the codon for glutamate?
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U What is the codon for glutamate? glutamate

What is the anticodon for glutamate?
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U What is the anticodon for glutamate? glutamate

Peptide bonds form between amino acids before the tRNA is released.
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U Peptide bonds form between amino acids before the tRNA is released. glutamate peptide bond forms

Peptide bonds form between amino acids before the tRNA is released.
mRNA C U A G Peptide bonds form between amino acids before the tRNA is released. A G C U U proline glutamate tRNA released

phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U valine alanine aspartate glycine C G valine alanine glutamate glycine A valine alanine glutamate glycine G

C U A G C U U C U C proline glutamate glutamate

C U A G U C C U C proline glutamate glutamate Protein

translation Terminating Protein Synthesis: 3 “STOP” Codons are used to stop protein synthesis. When protein synthesis reaches a STOP Codon, the protein is released.

REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S) REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S)
Reactions A process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. Chemical reactions always involve changes to the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S) REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S)

Reactions Exothermic Reaction Exothermic reaction
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously (automatically)

Reactions Endothermic Reaction Endothermic reaction
Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy

What are spontaneous reactions?
spontaneous reactions occur naturally

Is the energy required for a reaction to start.
Reactions Activation Energy Is the energy required for a reaction to start. Some reactions need to have energy added to start them Called activation energy

Reactions Hydrogen peroxide ( H 2 O 2 ) is stored in dark bottles to keep light out. If hydrogen peroxide ( H 2 O 2 ) is left outside it will release oxygen and eventually turn into water ( H 2 O). Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes

How come the reaction will not occur faster?
Reactions How come the reaction will not occur faster? Some reactions need to have energy added to start them Called activation energy

Reactions Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes

Reactions The hydrogen peroxide turned into water ( H 2 O) and oxygen ( O 2 ). What was different about THIS reaction? Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes

Reactions Some reactions need to have energy added to start them
Called activation energy

A catalyst speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
reactions A catalyst speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

A catalyst lowers the activation energy.
reactions A catalyst lowers the activation energy.

Reactions Some reactions need to have energy added to start them
Called activation energy

reactions Is an enzyme a protein?

reactions An enzyme IS a protein.

reactions Is an enzyme a catalyst?

reactions An enzyme IS a catalyst.

Characteristics of Enzymes
AMYLASE GALACTASE SUCRASE LIPASE

Enzymes bind to ONE substrate. The catalyst binds to a substrate the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature

Enzymes are reusable. The catalyst binds to a substrate the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature

Enzymes are affected by: pH Temperature Concentration The catalyst binds to a substrate the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature

Protein Synthesis Project
Fold your white piece of paper in half (hamburger style). Fold it in half again (hamburger style). Draw in the creases with pencil to form 4 equal boxes on each side. Number each box in the lower right hand corner (#’s 1 – 8).

Box 1: Title Page : “Protein Synthesis Project” : By: Student Name : Color Box 2: Explain why DNA is important for protein synthesis. Box 3: Step #1 (copy from your notes) Box 4: Step #2 (copy from your notes)

Box 5: Step #3 (copy from your notes) Box 6: Step #4 (copy from your notes) Box 7: Step #5 (copy from your notes) Box 8: Step #6 (copy from your notes) Once you are done writing down the text, draw a picture that appropriately symbolizes the process of Protein Synthesis.

Practice problems

Intervention Question #1A
What would be the sequence for the complementary DNA strand? cyclins

Intervention Question #1B
What would be the sequence for the mRNA strand? cyclins

Intervention Question #1c
What would be the amino acid tRNA would bring? cyclins

Difference between dna & rna bases
G C T A RNA C G A U

What is the complementary DNA sequence? Template DNA: T A G cyclins

What is the mRNA sequence? Template DNA: T A G Complementary DNA: A T C cyclins

What is the tRNA sequence? Template DNA: T A G Complementary DNA: A T C mRNA: U A G cyclins

Intervention Question #2ABC
What are the C’DNA, mRNA, & tRNA sequences? Template DNA: T A G Complementary DNA: A T C mRNA: U A G tRNA: Amino Acid? cyclins

G C T A RNA C G A U

What is the complementary DNA sequence? Template DNA: A A C cyclins

What is the mRNA sequence? Template DNA: A A C Complementary DNA: T T G cyclins

What is the tRNA sequence? Template DNA: A A C Complementary DNA: T T G mRNA: A A C cyclins

What are the C’DNA, mRNA, & tRNA sequences? Template DNA: A A C Complementary DNA: T T G mRNA: A A C tRNA: Amino Acid? cyclins

G C T A RNA C G A U

What is the complementary DNA sequence? Template DNA: T T A cyclins

What is the mRNA sequence? Template DNA: T T A Complementary DNA: A A T cyclins

What is the tRNA sequence? Template DNA: T T A Complementary DNA: A A T mRNA: U U A cyclins

What are the C’DNA, mRNA, & tRNA sequences? Template DNA: T T A Complementary DNA: A A T mRNA: U U A tRNA: Amino Acid? cyclins

G C T A RNA C G A U

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