1. REVIEW SLIDES

2. NOTE:
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3. CELL RESPIRATION AND METABOLISM
Chapter 5
CELL RESPIRATION AND METABOLISM

4. Acetyl coenzyme A enables the products of glycolysis to enter the ___________________ _______________.

5. Acetyl coenzyme A enables the products of glycolysis to enter the citric acid cycle OR Krebs cycle.

6. During an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the substrate binds to the enzyme’s __________________ _______________.

7. During an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site.

8. Fig. 4.3 Describe this graph Enzyme activity 10 20 30 37 40 100
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Enzyme activity 10 20 30 37 40
100
Temperature (°C)

9. Fig. 4.3 Describe this graph
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Enzyme activity
This graph shows that an enzyme’s activity is optimal at approximately 37 – 41 degrees C 10 20 30 37 40
100
Temperature (°C)

10. Glycolysis a) requires the presence of oxygen
Glycolysis  a) requires the presence of oxygen.   b) is the first step of cellular respiration.   c) produces carbon dioxide and water.   d) utilizes FAD as an electron acceptor. 

11. Glycolysis a) requires the presence of oxygen
Glycolysis  a) requires the presence of oxygen.   b) is the first step of cellular respiration.   c) produces carbon dioxide and water.   d) utilizes FAD as an electron acceptor. 

12. Lactic acid a) is produced as a result of aerobic metabolism of glucose.   b) is one of the normal end products of glycolysis.   c) is a common end product of red blood cells.   d) none of the above.

13. Lactic acid  a) is produced as a result of aerobic metabolism of glucose.   b) is one of the normal end products of glycolysis.   c) is a common end product of red blood cells.   d) none of the above.

14. CH 4 and 5
What are the roles of NAD and FAD?

15. CH 4 and 5
What are the roles of NAD and FAD?
Electron acceptors

16. A term often used to describe the electron transport chain is ”oxidative phosphorylation.” Why?

17. A term often used to describe the electron transport chain is ”oxidative phosphorylation.” Why?
The electron transport chain requires oxygen for the phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP

18. CH 4 and 5
Understand cellular respiration. Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

19. CH 4 and 5
Understand cellular respiration. Where does the Krebs cycle occur? Mitochondrial matrix

20. CH 4 and 5
Understand cellular respiration. Where is ATP made?

21. CH 4 and 5
Understand cellular respiration. Where is ATP made? Mitochondrial matrix

22. CH 4 and 5
What are the roles of NAD and FAD?

23. CH 4 and 5
What are the roles of NAD and FAD?
Electron acceptors
They “couple” oxidation and reduction reactions; ie. Take an electron from one molecule and transfer it to another.
Carry the “energy” to the electron transport chain (in the inner mitochondrial membrane).

24. CH 4 and 5
From which reactions is carbon dioxide produced?

25. CH 4 and 5
From which reactions is carbon dioxide produced?
Carbon dioxide is produced when Pyruvate becomes Acetyl-CoA
Also released from the Krebs Cycle
(carbon dioxide is not formed from the oxygen that we breathe in)
See next slides….

26. How does ATP form in the mitochondrion?
STEP 1:
Formation of Acetyl CoA.
Click HERE
After one 6-carbon glucose molecule breaks down into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion. A single carbon is removed and breathed out of the body as carbon dioxide. The other two carbons attach to a molecule called Coenzyme A, forming Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA)
When carbon dioxide is formed, energy is released in the form of electrons that are captured by NAD to form NADH + H+. Yield 1: NADH per pyruvate.

27. The Krebs Cycle PRODUCTS: 3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP (per Pyruvate)
WASTE PRODUCTS: 2 carbon dioxide
For an explanation,
Click HERE

28. CH 4 and 5
What does the cell do with carbon dioxide?

29. CH 4 and 5
What does the cell do with carbon dioxide?
Cells release carbon dioxide as a waste product

30. What is the primary role of the Krebs Cycle?

31. What is the primary role of the Krebs Cycle?
The primary role of the Krebs Cycle is to make NADH and FADH2, which carry electrons to the electron transport chain.
NADH and FADH2 “couple oxidation and reduction reactions. They are formed by reduction from their oxidized counterparts. (Reduction means they have accepted electrons).

32. Which reactions (metabolic pathways) release carbon dioxide?

33. Which reactions (metabolic pathways) release carbon dioxide?
The breakdown of pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA AND reactions of the Krebs Cycle

34. What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

35. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 5.3
Glucose (C6H12O6)
GLYCOLYSIS
ATP 1
ADP
Glucose 6-phosphate 2
Fructose 6-phosphate
ATP 3
ADP
Dihydroxy-
acetone
phosphate
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate 4
3–Phosphoglyceraldehyde
3–Phosphoglyceraldehyde Pi Pi
NADH
NADH 5 5 2 H 2 H
NAD
NAD
1,3–Biphosphoglyceric acid
1,3–Biphosphoglyceric acid
ATP
ATP 6 6
ADP
ADP
3–Phosphoglyceric acid
3–Phosphoglyceric acid 7 7
2–Phosphoglyceric acid
2–Phosphoglyceric acid 8 8
Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
ATP
ATP 9 9
ADP
ADP
Pyruvic acid (C3H4O3)
Pyruvic acid (C3H4O3)

36. What are the reactants and products of lactic acid synthesis?

37. The formation of lactic acid
Fig. 5.4
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NADH + H+
NAD H O H OH O O H C C C H C C C OH
LDH OH H H H
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
The formation of lactic acid

38. What is the purpose of lactic acid synthesis?

39. What is the purpose of this reaction?
Fig. 5.4
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NADH + H+
NAD H O H OH O O H C C C H C C C OH
LDH OH H H H
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
To provide NAD to drive glycolysis

40. What is the first reaction in the mitochondrion where Carbon Dioxide is released?

41. First step after pyruvate enters the mitochondrion
Fig. 5.5
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. H H
NAD
NADH + H+ H C H H H C H C O + S
CoA C O +
CO2 C S
CoA HO O
Pyruvic acid
Coenzyme A
Acetyl coenzyme A
First step after pyruvate enters the mitochondrion

42. What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

43. To make NADH AND FADH Fig. 5.6 Glycolysis C3 Pyruvic acid CYTOPLASM
NADH + H+
Mitochondrial matrix
CoA C2
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetic acid C4
CO2
Fig. 5.6
Citric acid
cycle
3 NADH + H+
1 FADH2
1 ATP C6
Citric acid C5
α-Ketoglutaric acid
CO2

44. What is the purpose of NADH and FADH2?

45. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
What is the purpose of NADH and FADH2?
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NADH
FMN
The purpose of NADH and FADH2 is to donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
NAD
FMNH2
2 H+
2 e–
FADH2
Oxidized
Fe2+
CoQ
Cytochrome b
FAD
Reduced
Fe3+
Electron energy
2 e–
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Fe2+
Fe3+
Cytochrome c1 and c
Cytochrome a
Fe3+
Fe2+
2 e–
Fe2+
H2O
Cytochrome a3
Fig. 5.8
Fe3+
2 e– + 1 – O2 2
2 H+

46. What is the function of oxygen?

47. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Where is ATP synthesized?
Fig. 5.9
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
Where is ATP synthesized?
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
OXYGEN IS THE ULTIMATE ELECTRON ACCEPTOR H+ H+ 2
Intermembrane
space
Third
pump
Second
pump H+ 1
2 H+
ATP
synthase
H2O
First pump
2 H + 1 / O2 3
4 H + 2 e– 1
ADP + Pi H+
ATP
4 H+
NAD+
Matrix
NADH

48. Why does liver (but not skeletal muscle) release glucose into the blood stream?

49. GLYCOGENESIS AND GLYCOGENOLYSIS
Why does liver (but not skeletal muscle) release glucose into the blood stream?
ANSWER: Only the liver has the enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase.
GLYCOGEN Pi Pi 1 2
Glucose 1-phosphate Pi
ADP
ATP
Glucose
(blood)
Glucose
(blood)
Glucose 6-phosphate
Liver
only
Many
tissues
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fig. 5.10
Fig. 5.10
GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOGENESIS AND GLYCOGENOLYSIS

50. Describe the Cori Cycle? (and its purpose)

51. Describe the Cori Cycle and its purpose
Skeletal muscles
Liver
Fig. 5.11
Glycogen
Glycogen
Exercise
Rest 1 9
Blood
Glucose 6-phosphate
Glucose
Glucose 6-phosphate 8 7 2 6
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid 3 5
Blood
Lactic acid
Lactic acid 4
During exercise, skeletal muscle glycogen serves as a source of glucose-6-phosphate for the lactic acid pathway. The lactic acid is transported to the liver, where it is used for the synthesis of glucose

52. An adequate amount of all 20 amino acids is required to build proteins for growth and to replace the proteins that are turned over. However, only 8 of these (9 in children) cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained in the diet. These are the ____________ amino acids.

53. An adequate amount of all 20 amino acids is required to build proteins for growth and to replace the proteins that are turned over. However, only 8 of these (9 in children) cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained in the diet. These are the essential amino acids.

54. When amino acids are needed in the body, our bodies often make their own amino acids through a process called _____________ in which the NH2 group is transferred from one amino acid to a keto acid of the Krebs Cycle.

55. When amino acids are needed in the body, our bodies often make their own amino acids through a process called __transamination_ in which the NH2 group is transferred from one amino acid to a keto acid of the Krebs Cycle.

56. If there are more amino acids than are needed for protein synthesis, the amine group from glutamic acid may be removed and excreted as urea in the urine. This is known as ____________ deamination.

57. If there are more amino acids than are needed for protein synthesis, the amine group from glutamic acid may be removed and excreted as urea in the urine. This is known as oxidative deamination.

58. Which organ has an almost absolute requirement for blood glucose as its energy source?

59. Which organ has an almost absolute requirement for blood glucose as its energy source? brain

60. Oxygen is __________________ by the action of the electron transport chain. Choose: oxidized or reduced

61. Oxygen is __________________ by the action of the electron transport chain. Choose: oxidized or reduced

62. The transport of protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix occurs via ________________________ enzyme.

63. The transport of protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix occurs via ________________________ enzyme. ATP synthase

64. Fatty acid metabolism occurs via which metabolic pathway?

65. Fatty acid metabolism occurs via which metabolic pathway
Fatty acid metabolism occurs via which metabolic pathway? Beta-oxidation

66. Ketone bodies are produced by excessive _______________ breakdown.

67. Ketone bodies are produced by excessive ____fat________ breakdown.

68. The process in which an amine group is transferred from one amino acid to another is called

69. The process in which an amine group is transferred from one amino acid to another is called transamination.

70. The conversion of glucose into glycogen and fat
Glucose 1-phosphate
glycogenesis
Occurs when _____________?
Glucose
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
Glycerol
3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde
Fat
Pyruvic acid
Fatty acids
Acetyl CoA C4 C6
Oxaloacetic acid
Citric acid
Citric acid
cycle
Fig. 5.12 C5
-Ketoglutaric acid

71. The conversion of glucose into glycogen and fat
Glucose 1-phosphate
glycogenesis
Occurs when there are adequate amounts of ATP
Glucose
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
Glycerol
3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde
Fat
Pyruvic acid
Fatty acids
Acetyl CoA C4 C6
Oxaloacetic acid
Citric acid
Citric acid
cycle
Fig. 5.12 C5
-Ketoglutaric acid

72. Name four divergent metabolic pathways for the involvement of Acetyl CoA

73. DIVERGENT METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOR ACETYL COENZYME A
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Bile acids
Steroids
Cholesterol
Citric acid
(Krebs cycle)
Ketone bodies
Acetyl CoA
CO2
Fatty acids
Fig. 5.13
Triacylglycerol
(triglyceride)
Phospholipids

74. Describe beta oxidation and its purpose

75. BETA OXIDATION PRODUCES ATP FROM FATTY ACID BREAKDOWN
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.   H H O
Fatty acid C C C H H OH
CoA
BETA OXIDATION PRODUCES ATP FROM FATTY ACID BREAKDOWN 1
ATP
AMP + PPi H H O
Fatty acid C C C
CoA H H
FAD 2
FADH2
1.5 ATP H H O
Fatty acid C C C
CoA H
H2O
Fig. 5.14 3
CoA HO H O
Fatty acid C C C
CoA H H
NAD
Fatty acid now
two carbons shorter 4
NADH + H+
2.5 ATP O H O
Fatty acid C C C
CoA 5
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
10 ATP

76. Which molecules undergo transamination?

77. WHAT MAJOR CATEGORY OF MOLECULE IS UNDERGOING TRANSMINATION?
Fig. 5.15 OH O HO O
AMINO ACIDS OH O OH O C C C C H H N C H C O C O N C H H +
AST + H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H C H C H C HO O H O O C C H O O H O O
Glutamic acid
Oxaloacetic acid
α-Ketoglutaric acid
Aspartic acid OH O OH O OH O OH O C C C C H H N C H C O C O N C H H +
ALT H + H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H C H H C C HO O HO O
Glutamic acid
Pyruvic acid
-Ketoglutaric acid
Alanine

78. What does the body do with excess ammonia?

79. OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Amino acid
α-Ketoglutaric acid
NH3 +
CO2
Amino transfer
Urea cycle in liver
Keto acid
Glutamic acid
Urea
Also - Ammonia is
produced by intestinal bacteria
Carried to the liver
Converted to glutamic acid
Removed from glutamic acid by transfer to urea O H H N C N H H
Fig. 5.16

80. Describe how amino acids are catabolized for energy

81. AMINO ACID CATABOLISM
Alanine, cysteine,
glycine, serine,
threonine, tryptophan
They are converted (by deamination) to molecules of cellular respiration
Pyruvic acid
NH3
Urea
Fig. 5.17
Leucine,
tryptophan,
isoleucine
Acetyl CoA
NH3
Urea
Asparagine,
aspartate
Citric acid
Arginine, glutamate,
glutamine, histidine,
proline
Urea
NH3
Oxaloacetic acid
–Ketoglutaric acid
NH3
Urea
Citric acid cycle
Phenylalanine,
tyrosine
Isoleucine, methionine, valine
Urea
NH3
Fumaric acid
Urea
Succinic acid
NH3

82. How do the different organs vary in their use of substrates as energy sources?

83. How do the different organs vary in their use of substrates as energy sources?

84. DEFINE:
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipogenesis
Lipolysis
Ketogenesis

85. Table 5.2

86. Which organs provide glucose to the bloodstream?

87. Fig. 5.1 Glycogen in liver Glucose Glucose from digestive tract
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 5.1
Glycogen
in liver
Glucose
from digestive tract
Glucose
from liver
Capillary
Glucose
in blood plasma
Interstitial fluid
Plasma membrane
Glucose
in cell cytoplasm
Glycolysis
Anaerobic
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Lactic
acid
Metabolism
in skeletal muscle
into mitochondrion
Aerobic
Citric acid
cycle
Electron
transport
CO2 + H2O
Mitochondrion
Respiration

88. Describe the energy cost and benefits of glycolysis

89. Fig. 5.2 GLYCOLYSIS 1 ATP ADP ATP 2 NADH ADP 2 NAD Glucose 2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
GLYCOLYSIS 1
ATP
ADP
ATP
2 NADH
ADP
2 NAD
Glucose 2
Free energy
2 ATP
2 ADP + 2 Pi 3
2 ATP
2 ADP + 2 Pi
Pyruvic acid

90. Describe the main products of glycolysis
Knowing each metabolic step is not required.

91. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 5.3
Fig. 5.3
Glucose (C6H12O6)
GLYCOLYSIS
ATP 1
ADP
Glucose 6-phosphate 2
Fructose 6-phosphate
ATP 3
ADP
Dihydroxy-
acetone
phosphate
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate 4
3–Phosphoglyceraldehyde
3–Phosphoglyceraldehyde Pi Pi
NADH
NADH 5 5 2 H 2 H
NAD
NAD
1,3–Biphosphoglyceric acid
1,3–Biphosphoglyceric acid
ATP
ATP 6 6
ADP
ADP
3–Phosphoglyceric acid
3–Phosphoglyceric acid 7 7
2–Phosphoglyceric acid
2–Phosphoglyceric acid 8 8
Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
ATP
ATP 9 9
ADP
ADP
Pyruvic acid (C3H4O3)
Pyruvic acid (C3H4O3)

92. The carbon dioxide that we breathe out comes from …

93. The carbon dioxide that we breathe out comes from … citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle)