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1 PowerPoint Image Slideshow
Psychology Chapter 8 MEMORY PowerPoint Image Slideshow

2 Memory: get sensory data, translate/organize it into meaningful form, store it, and retrieve it.
Step 1: Encoding… mental operation (label or code) on data so brain can use or store it Automatic processing – no awareness Effortful processing takes time and work Semantic encoding for words and meanings Visual encoding for images Acoustic encoding for sounds (includes the sounds words make). The alphabet song. Self referencing effect: this relates to me

3 FIGURE 8.2 Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. Storage is the retention of the encoded information. Retrieval, or getting the information out of memory and back into awareness, is the third function.

4 Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: like the way computers process information
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: like the way computers process information. Step 2 - Storage Sensory Memory: iconic and echoic data stored VERY briefly. Capacity varies. Short Term Memory: Temporary storage of small amounts of data (Miller’s 7 + or – 2) Baddely: a sketch pad, a phonological loop, an episode buffer & a central exec coordinator Rehearsal: may help me move stuff into... Long Term Memory: no strict expiration date here, & practically unlimited capacity Chunking: helps me get more stuff in here

5 FIGURE 8.4 According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory.

6 What are the four types of Long Term Memory?
Implicit or non-declarative memory includes things I’m not consciously aware of Procedural memory (skills and actions) Emotional conditioning (Little Albert?) Explicit or Declarative memory includes stuff I consciously know or can recall Semantic memory: facts or information I know and can put into words Episodic memory: personal experiences that I can put into words (autobiographical)

7 FIGURE 8.7 There are two components of long-term memory: explicit and implicit. Explicit memory includes episodic and semantic memory. Implicit memory includes procedural memory and things learned through conditioning.

8 Once stuff is in Long Term Memory, then what?
Retrieval: getting stuff out of long term memory and back into conscious awareness Recall: when I access information without any help or cues (essay test questions) Recognition: identify information I’ve previously learned with a little help (multiple choice questions) Relearning: pick things up more quickly than the first time I tried to learn (remember) it.

9 How is my brain involved in memory?
Engram? Lashley rats say equipotentiality The Amygdala influences memory by modulating hormones (emotional factors) The Hippocampus helps with consolidation and meaning for declarative memories The Cerebellum processes implicit memories (procedural & motor learning) The Prefrontal cortex is involved in short term memory processing Arousal theory: neurotransmitters & hormones Flashbulb memories and emotions

10 FIGURE 8.9 The amygdala is involved in fear and fear memories. The hippocampus is associated with declarative and episodic memory as well as recognition memory. The cerebellum plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how to play the piano. The prefrontal cortex appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks.

11 FIGURE 8.10 Most people can remember where they were when they first heard about the 9/11 terrorist attacks. This is an example of a flashbulb memory: a record of an atypical and unusual event that has very strong emotional associations. (credit: Michael Foran)

12 Problems with memory? Anterograde amnesia: trouble forming new long term declarative memories Retrograde amnesia: trouble retrieving old declarative memories Construction (forming new memories) and reconstruction (recalling old memories) can get messed up. Suggestibility: misinformation from an external source Eyewitness Misidentification: reconstruction can be quite fragile

13 FIGURE 8.11 This diagram illustrates the timeline of retrograde and anterograde amnesia. Memory problems that extend back in time before the injury and prevent retrieval of information previously stored in long-term memory are known as retrograde amnesia. Conversely, memory problems that extend forward in time from the point of injury and prevent the formation of new memories are called anterograde amnesia.

14 Other problems we should know about?
The Misinformation Effect: Loftus notes that eye witness testimony (reconstruction) can be manipulated by suggestion Repressed and recovered memories are controversial (fake memory syndrome) And then there are problems with forgetting Encode failure: never got stored properly Transcience: fading over time Absentmindedness (focus elsewhere) Misattribution, Suggestibility, and Bias And Interference: proactive or retroactive

15 Can I improve my memory? Ebbinghaus’ “curve”: review immediately before your exam Distributed practice (study – break – study) works better than massed practice Use elaborative rehearsal Use mnemonic devices Write things down, or say them out loud No all nighters: we need sleep for the consolidation process Apply the self-referencing effect

16 The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows how quickly memory for new information decays.
This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it has been reproduced & modified, but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University. Any unspecified modifications were carried out by Neil Walker.

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