1. Figure 1.1
Exponential growth: the J-shaped curve of past exponential world population growth, with projections to 2100 showing possible population stabilization with the J-shaped curve of growth changing to an S-shaped curve. (This figure is not to scale.) (Data from the World Bank and United Nations; photo L. Yong/UNEP/Peter Arnold, Inc)
Fig. 1-1, p. 5

2. 2–5 million years Hunting and gathering Industrial revolution13 12 11 10 9 ? 8 7
Billions of people 6 5 4 3
Industrial revolution 2
Black Death—the Plague
Figure 1.1
Exponential growth: the J-shaped curve of past exponential world population growth, with projections to 2100 showing possible population stabilization with the J-shaped curve of growth changing to an S-shaped curve. (This figure is not to scale.) (Data from the World Bank and United Nations; photo L. Yong/UNEP/Peter Arnold, Inc) 1
2–5 million
years
8000
6000
4000
2000
2000
2100
Time
B. C.
A. D.
Hunting and
gathering
Agricultural revolution
Industrial
revolution
Fig. 1-1, p. 5

3. Table 1-1, p. 7

4. Figure 1.2
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary study of connections between the earth’s life-support system and human activities.
Fig. 1-2, p. 7

5. Ethics Philosophy Biology Political science Ecology Economics
Chemistry
Demography
Figure 1.2
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary study of connections between the earth’s life-support system and human activities.
Physics
Anthropology
Geology
Geography
Fig. 1-2, p. 7

6. Figure 1.3
Key natural resources (blue) and natural services (orange) that support and sustain the earth’s life and economies (Concept 1-1A).
Fig. 1-3, p. 8

7. NATURAL CAPITAL Natural Capital = Natural Resources + Natural Services
Solar
capital
Air
Air purification
Renewable
energy
(sun, wind,
water flows)
Climate control
UV protection
(ozone layer)
Life
(biodiversity)
Water
Population
control
Water purification
Waste treatment
Pest
control
Figure 1.3
Key natural resources (blue) and natural services (orange) that support and sustain the earth’s life and economies (Concept 1-1A).
Nonrenewable
minerals
iron, sand)
Land
Soil
Food production
Soil renewal
Natural gas
Nutrient
recycling
Oil
Nonrenewable
energy
(fossil fuels)
Coal seam
Natural resources
Natural services
Fig. 1-3, p. 8
Fig. 1-3, p. 8

8. Figure 1.4
Nutrient cycling: an important natural service that recycles chemicals needed by organisms from the environment (mostly from soil and water) through organisms and back to the environment.
Fig. 1-4, p. 9

9. Organic matter in animals Dead organic matter Organic matter in plants
Figure 1.4
Nutrient cycling: an important natural service that recycles chemicals needed by organisms from the environment (mostly from soil and water) through organisms and back to the environment.
Decomposition
Inorganic
matter in soil
Fig. 1-4, p. 9

10. Figure 1.5
Global outlook: comparison of developed and developing countries, (Data from the United Nations and the World Bank)
Fig. 1-5, p. 11

11. Percentage of World's: 18% Population 82% Population growth 0.12%
1.46%
Life
expectancy
77 years
67 years
Wealth and
income
85%
15%
Figure 1.5
Global outlook: comparison of developed and developing countries, (Data from the United Nations and the World Bank)
Resource
use
88%
12%
Pollution
and waste
75%
25%
Developed countries
Developing countries
Fig. 1-5, p. 11

12. Figure 1.6
Extreme poverty: boy searching for items to sell in an open dump in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Many children of poor families who live in makeshift shantytowns in or near such dumps often scavenge all day for food and other items to help their families survive. This means that they cannot go to school.
Fig. 1-6, p. 11

13. Figure 1.7
Degradation of normally renewable natural resources and services in parts of the world, mostly as a result of rising population and resource use per person.
Fig. 1-7, p. 12

14. Figure 1.8
Reuse: This child and his family in Katmandu, Nepal, collect beer bottles and sell them for cash to a brewery where they will be reused.
Fig. 1-8, p. 13

15. Figure 1.9
Consumption of natural resources. The top photo shows a family of five subsistence farmers with all their possessions. They live in the village of Shingkhey, Bhutan, in the Himalaya Mountains, which are sandwiched between China and India in South Asia. The bottom photo shows a typical U.S. family of four living in Pearland, Texas, with their possessions.
Fig. 1-9a, p. 14

16. Figure 1.9
Consumption of natural resources. The top photo shows a family of five subsistence farmers with all their possessions. They live in the village of Shingkhey, Bhutan, in the Himalaya Mountains, which are sandwiched between China and India in South Asia. The bottom photo shows a typical U.S. family of four living in Pearland, Texas, with their possessions.
Fig. 1-9b, p. 14

17. Figure 1.10
Natural capital use and degradation: total and per capita ecological footprints of selected countries (top). In 2003, humanity’s total or global ecological footprint was about 25% higher than the earth’s ecological capacity (bottom) and is projected to be twice the planet’s ecological capacity by Question: If we are living beyond the earth’s biological capacity, why do you think the human population and per capita resource consumption are still growing exponentially? (Data from Worldwide Fund for Nature, Global Footprint Network)
Fig. 1-10, p. 15

18. Projected footprint Earth's ecological capacity Ecological footprint
Total Ecological Footprint (million hectares)
and Share of Global Ecological Capacity (%)
Per Capita Ecological Footprint
(hectares per person)
United States
2,810 (25%)
United States
9.7
European Union
2,160 (19%)
European Union
4.7
China
2,050 (18%)
China
1.6
India
780 (7%)
India
0.8
Japan
540 (5%)
Japan
4.8
Projected footprint
Earth's
ecological
capacity
Number of Earths
Figure 1.10
Natural capital use and degradation: total and per capita ecological footprints of selected countries (top). In 2003, humanity’s total or global ecological footprint was about 25% higher than the earth’s ecological capacity (bottom) and is projected to be twice the planet’s ecological capacity by Question: If we are living beyond the earth’s biological capacity, why do you think the human population and per capita resource consumption are still growing exponentially? (Data from Worldwide Fund for Nature, Global Footprint Network)
Ecological
footprint
Fig. 1-10, p. 15

19. Projected footprint Earth's ecological capacity Ecological footprint
Total Ecological Footprint (million hectares)
and Share of Global Ecological Capacity (%)
United States
European Union
China
India
Japan
2,810 (25%)
2,160 (19%)
2,050 (18%)
780 (7%)
540 (5%)
United States
European Union
China
India
Japan
4.7
9.7
1.6
0.8
4.8
Per Capita Ecological Footprint
(hectares per person)
Number of Earths
Ecological
footprint
Earth's
ecological
capacity
Projected footprint
Figure 1.10
Natural capital use and degradation: total and per capita ecological footprints of selected countries (top). In 2003, humanity’s total or global ecological footprint was about 25% higher than the earth’s ecological capacity (bottom) and is projected to be twice the planet’s ecological capacity by Question: If we are living beyond the earth’s biological capacity, why do you think the human population and per capita resource consumption are still growing exponentially? (Data from Worldwide Fund for Nature, Global Footprint Network)
Stepped Art
Fig. 1-10, p. 15

20. Figure 1.11
Point-source air pollution from a pulp mill in New York State (USA).
Fig. 1-11, p. 17

21. Figure 1.12
Environmental and social scientists have identified five basic causes of the environmental problems we face (Concept 1-5A). Question: What are three ways in which your lifestyle contributes to these causes?
Fig. 1-12, p. 18

22. Trying to manage nature without knowing enough
Causes of Environmental Problems
Population
growth
Unsustainable
resource use
Poverty
Excluding
environmental costs
from market prices
Trying to manage nature without knowing enough
about it
Figure 1.12
Environmental and social scientists have identified five basic causes of the environmental problems we face (Concept 1-5A). Question: What are three ways in which your lifestyle contributes to these causes?
Fig. 1-12, p. 18

23. Trying to manage nature without knowing enough
Causes of Environmental Problems
Population
growth
Unsustainable
resource use
Poverty
Excluding
environmental costs
from market prices
Trying to manage nature without knowing enough
about it
Figure 1.12
Environmental and social scientists have identified five basic causes of the environmental problems we face (Concept 1-5A). Question: What are three ways in which your lifestyle contributes to these causes?
Stepped Art
Fig. 1-12, p. 18

24. Figure 1.13
Some harmful results of poverty. Question: Which two of these effects do you think are the most harmful? Why? (Data from United Nations, World Bank, and World Health Organization)
Fig. 1-13, p. 18

25. (% of world's population)
Lack of
access to
Number of people
(% of world's population)
Adequate
sanitation facilities
2.6 billion (38%)
Enough fuel for
heating and cooking
2 billion (29%)
Electricity
2 billion (29%)
Clean drinking
water
1.1 billion (16%)
Adequate
health care
Figure 1.13
Some harmful results of poverty. Question: Which two of these effects do you think are the most harmful? Why? (Data from United Nations, World Bank, and World Health Organization)
1.1 billion (16%)
Adequate
housing
1 billion (15%)
Enough food
for good health
0.86 billion (13%)
Fig. 1-13, p. 18

26. Figure 1.14
Global Outlook: in developing countries, one of every three children under age 5, such as this child in Lunda, Angola, suffers from severe malnutrition caused by a lack of calories and protein. According to the World Health Organization, each day at least 13,700 children under age 5 die prematurely from malnutrition and infectious diseases, most from drinking contaminated water and being weakened by malnutrition.
Fig. 1-14, p. 19

27. Figure 1.15
Steps involved in making an environmental decision.
Fig. 1-15, p. 21

28. Identify an environmental problem
Gather scientific information
Propose one or more solutions
Project the short- and long-term
environmental and economic advantages
and disadvantages of each solution
Figure 1.15
Steps involved in making an environmental decision.
Decide on and implement a solution
Evaluate the consequences
Revise decision as needed
Fig. 1-15, p. 21

29. Figure 1.16
Since 1984, citizens have worked together to make the city of Chattanooga, Tennessee, one of the most sustainable and best places to live in the United States.
Fig. 1-16, p. 21

30. Figure 1.A
Individuals Matter: Aldo Leopold (1887–1948) was a forester, writer, and conservationist. His book A Sand County Almanac (published after his death) is considered an environmental classic that inspired the modern environmental and conservation movement.
Fig. 1-A, p. 22

31. Figure 1.17
Four scientific principles of sustainability: These four interconnected principles of sustainability are derived from learning how nature has sustained a variety of life forms on the earth for about 3.56 billion years. The top left oval shows sunlight stimulating the production of vegetation in the arctic tundra during its brief summer (solar energy) and the top right oval shows some of the diversity of species found there during the summer (biodiversity). The bottom right oval shows arctic gray wolves stalking a caribou during the long cold winter (population control ). The bottom left oval shows arctic gray wolves feeding on their kill. This, plus huge numbers of tiny decomposers that convert dead matter to soil nutrients, recycle all materials needed to support the plant growth shown in the top left and right ovals (nutrient cycling).
Fig. 1-17, p. 23

32. Reliance on Solar Energy
Biodiversity
Figure 1.17
Four scientific principles of sustainability: These four interconnected principles of sustainability are derived from learning how nature has sustained a variety of life forms on the earth for about 3.56 billion years. The top left oval shows sunlight stimulating the production of vegetation in the arctic tundra during its brief summer (solar energy) and the top right oval shows some of the diversity of species found there during the summer (biodiversity). The bottom right oval shows arctic gray wolves stalking a caribou during the long cold winter (population control ). The bottom left oval shows arctic gray wolves feeding on their kill. This, plus huge numbers of tiny decomposers that convert dead matter to soil nutrients, recycle all materials needed to support the plant growth shown in the top left and right ovals (nutrient cycling).
Nutrient Cycling
Population Control
Fig. 1-17, p. 23

33. Figure 1.18
Solutions: some shifts involved in bringing about the environmental or sustainability revolution. Question: Which three of these shifts do you think are most important? Why?
Fig. 1-18, p. 24

34. Sustainability Emphasis
Current Emphasis
Sustainability Emphasis
Pollution cleanup
Pollution prevention
Waste disposal
(bury or burn)
Waste prevention
Protecting species
Protecting habitat
Environmental
degradation
Environmental restoration
Increasing resource use
Less resource waste
Figure 1.18
Solutions: some shifts involved in bringing about the environmental or sustainability revolution. Question: Which three of these shifts do you think are most important? Why?
Population growth
Population stabilization
Depleting and degrading
natural capital
Protecting natural capital
Fig. 1-18, p. 24