1. Molecular Basis Of Cancer
Non-lethal genetic damage lies at the heart of carcinogenesis
Genetic hypothesis of cancer implies that a tumor mass result from the clonal expansion of a single progenitor cell that incurred the genetic damage

2. Types of Normal Cellular Genes
3 Normal regulatory genes;
- Growth promoting protooncogene
-Growth inhibiting tumor suppressor gene
-Gene regulate apoptosis
4th-- DNA repair gene

3. Normal cell growth
Any external stimuli leads to stimulation of growth by growth stimulating gene called
Proto-oncogene
This should be stopped by gene which will control the growth called
Tumor suppressor gene
Any mutated gene will be either repaired by DNA repair gene or killed by gene called apoptosis gene

4. 4

5. Principles of Carcinogenesis
Neoplastic transformation is a progressive process involving multiple “hits” or genetic changes.
Alterations in DNA cause changes in one or more of the following types of genes:
Proto- oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Genes regulate apoptosis
DNA repair genes

7. Tumor Development and Growth
Transformation
Growth of transformed cells
Invasion of tumor cells into the surrounding tissues
Metastasis of tumor cells to distant sites

8. Hallmarks of Cancer Self sufficiency in growth factors
Six fundamental changes of cell Physiology
Self sufficiency in growth factors
Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
Evasion of apoptosis
Limitless replicative potential
Sustained angiogenesis
Ability to invade and metastasize

11. 30% OF ALL TUMORS