1. Classification of living things
CHAPTER 17…in summary
Classification of living things

2. Taxonomy
Taxonomy: the process of classifying things based on characteristics.
Organization from large to small
or wide to narrow.

3. Taxonomy—how to remember
Domain Eukaryote or Prokaryote
Kingdom king
Phylum phillip
Class came
Order over
Family for
Genus good
Species spaghetti

4. Human Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primata
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo Italics
Species sapiens italics lower case

5. 6 Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

6. Chapter 18 – Bacteria

7. Bacterial Structures
DNA
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Flagellum
Pili

8. Gram Stain
Gram positive
Gram negative

9. Bacteria Shape
Cocci (coccus)
Bacilli (bacillus)
Spirilla (spirillum)

10. Diplo – pairs
Staphylo – clusters
Strepto – chains

11. Streptococcus

12. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Prokaryotes
Chapter 18 – Bacteria
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Prokaryotes

13. Archaebacteria 3 types that live in extreme habitats
Usually no oxygen available

14. One type produces methane gas; Live in marshes, lake sediment and digestive tracts of some mammals
2nd type live only in water with high concentrations of salt; Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea
3rd type lives in hot, acidic waters of sulfer springs. Also lives in cracks deep in ocean floor.

15. Eubacteria Heterotrophs
Live almost everywhere and use organic molecules as their food

17. Movement & Support
Have cell walls to support shape and provide protection
Some have flagellum for movement

18. Digestion/Obtaining Nutrients
Some are autotrophs
Photosynthetic: make food from sun
Chemosynthetic: make their food from molecules
Some are heterotrophs that use organic molecules that they engulf & breakdown
Some use aerobic respiration and others use fermentation (anaerobic). These processes produce energy

19. Nervous/Response Circular chromosome with DNA Some produce endospores
Some produce toxins

20. Circulation
Rely on flow of cytoplasm to move materials through cell

21. Gas Exchange
Gases are exchanged directly to the environment through diffusion

22. Excretion
Waste is secreted through the cell membrane by diffusion or exocytosis

23. Reproduction Asexual – binary fission
Sexual – conjugation through pilus

24. What makes bacteria so great?
They reproduce rapidly
Their DNA mutates frequently
They can exist in extreme environments
They are able to use substances that other organisms cannot

25. Helpful Bacteria Nitrogen fixation
Recycling nutrients (saprophytes & decomposers)
Medicine
Food

26. Harmful Bacteria E. coli Salmonella Bacillus anthracis Yersinia pestis
Staphylococcus aureus

27. Antibiotic Resistance

29. Vaccines & Immunity
Vaccines consist of dead/destroyed virus or bacteria
Sensitizes the body to the foreign objects
Creates antibodies that recognize foreign antigen
Allows the body to react more quickly when it encounters the “real deal”

30. How do we protect ourselves from infectious agents?
Skin
Body secretions
Inflammation & fever
Antibodies
Antibiotics & vaccines