1. Chapter Thirteen, Section Three
The National State and Democracy

2. Great Britain
By 1871, Great Britain had a working two-party parliamentary system:
Liberal Party
Conservative Party
Both parties were led by a ruling class composed of:
Aristocratic Landowners
Upper Middle Class Business Owners
Reform acts in 1867 and 1884 increased the number of adult males who could vote.
By the end of 1918, all males over 21 and women over 30 could vote.

3. Great Britain
The working class in Great Britain supported the Liberal Party.
Liberals feared losing their support due to:
Favoring a more radical change in the economic system.
(1900) Labour Party formed supporting specifically the interests of the workers.
From , Liberals passed social reforms:
National Insurance Act of 1911
Pensions for workers over the age of 70
Compensation for workers injured on the job

4. France
After the fall of Louis Napoleon, France established the Third Republic and gained a republican constitution:
President
Legislature made up of two houses:
Upper House called the Senate
Lower House called the Chamber of Deputies
Members were elected by Universal Male Suffrage
A premier, or prime minister, actually led the government. The premier and his ministers were responsible to the Chamber of Deputies, not the President.
Ministerial Responsibility – The idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the executive officer.
Did not develop a strong parliamentary system and struggled with a large number of political parties.

5. Italy In 1870, Italy had emerged as a unified country.
Italy had very little unity, due to:
Poverty stricken south
Industrialized north
Widespread corruption prevented the government from dealing with these problems.
Universal Male Suffrage was granted in 1912 but did little to fix the corruption issues.

6. Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order
Germany
The constitution began by Bismarck in 1871 provided for a two house legislature:
Lower House – Reichstag
Elected on the basis of universal male suffrage
Ministers of government were responsible to the emperor, not the parliament. He controlled:
Armed Forces
Foreign Policy
Government Bureaucracy
As chancellor (prime minister), Bismarck prevented a democracy from occurring.
Conservative forces also tried to prevent Germany from becoming a democracy.

7. Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order
Austria-Hungary
After the creation of the dual monarchy in 1867, Austria enacted a constitution that set up a parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility.
Francis Joseph appointed and dismissed his own ministers and issued laws when the parliament was not in session.
Unlike Austria, Hungary had a parliament that worked.

8. Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order
Russia
Czar Nicholas II had absolute power.
By 1890, fourth largest producer of steel.
Socialist parties developed:
Social Democratic Party
Social Revolutionaries
Both were forced to go underground due to government repression.
After Japan defeated Russia, discontent grew rapidly:
March on St. Petersburg was conducted to present a petition to the czar.
Troops opened fire upon the peaceful demonstration, which became known as, “Bloody Sunday.”
Nicholas II was forced to grant civil liberties and create a legislative assembly.
Called the Duma
These changes did not last for very long.

9. The United States
After the Civil War, the old South had been destroyed:
1/5 of the adult male population had been wiped out.
4 million African American slaves had been set free.
13th Amendment – Abolish slavery
14th Amendment – Citizenship to African Americans
15th Amendment – Right to Vote to African Americans
The U.S. made the shift from an agrarian to industrial economic society.
Steel and Iron Industry was the best in the world.
20% of Americans were city dwellers in 1860.
40% of Americans were city dwellers in 1900.
Became the richest nation in the world in 1900.
Serious problems still remained:
9% of the population owned 71% of the wealth.
Unsafe working conditions
Unemployment
Was the U.S. continuing to expand at this point? If so, where?

10. Canada
At the beginning of 1870, the Dominion of Canada had four provinces:
Quebec
Ontario
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
In 1871, Manitoba and British Columbia were added.
Unity was difficult to achieve due to distrust between the English and French speaking people.
Wilfred Laurier became the first French-Canadian prime minister in
Industrialization progressed
Population increased within Canada

11. Reading Quiz, Part I
Bismarck realized that ______ becoming the most powerful country in Europe upset the balance of power set up in Vienna in 1815.
The Triple Alliance of 1882 united the powers of _____, ______-______, and _____.
In 1890, Emperor ______ ___ fired Bismarck and took control of Germany’s foreign policy.
One of the changes he made was to end the treaty Bismarck created with ______.
By 1907, an alliance developed between ____ ____, _____, and ______ known as the Triple Entente.

12. Reading Quiz, Part II
Over the course of the 19th century, the Balkan provinces of the _________ ______ had gradually gained their freedom.
In 1908, ______-______ took the drastic step of annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina.
______ was outraged because this ended the hope of creating a Slavic nation.
Weakened from their defeat in the ______ _____ War, Russia backed down to Germany.
Due to the discontent and suspicion among these European nations, ____ _____ ___ seems likely to occur.