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140mic General Microbiology
Madeha Al-Onazi
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LAB 8 (Microorganisms)
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- Grouping of organisms into kingdoms is based on 3 factors : 1- Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic) 2- Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular) 3- Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)
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1st : Cell Type Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Fungi, Animal
Bacteria, Cyanobacteria Do have : -Nucleus organized with a membrane other organelles Do not have : - An organized nucleus - Structured organelles - The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall.
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2nd : Cell Number Unicellular Cell Number Multicellular
Single celled organism. - Protozoans - bacteria - some algae Multicellular Many celled organism. cells start to specialize/differentiate
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3rd : Feeding Type How the organisms get their food ?
Heterotroph or Consumer Autotroph or Producer - Must eat other organisms to survive. -Includes decomposers – those that eat dead matter! Make their own food Animal, Human Plant, Cyanobacteria
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1st : Monera Kingdome (Bacteria)
Bacteria Nutrition Autotrophic Mutualism Pathogenic Parasitic Opportunistic Heterotrophic Commensalism Saprophytic
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Bacteria - Bacterial Morphology - Aggregation System: Mono – Diplo – Strepto – Staphylo
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1. Cocci
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For Example : Staphylococcus aureus Shape : cocci
Arrangement : cluster (staph) Reaction with gram stain : Positive (purple). Disease : skin infection.
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2-Bacilli
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For Example : Yersinia pestis Shape : rod (coccobacilli)
Arrangement : bipolar Reaction with gram stain : Negative (red). Disease : Plaque
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For Example : Escherichia coli Shape : rod (coccobacilli)
Arrangement : single Reaction with gram stain : Negative (red). Disease : coliform bacteria
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For Example : Bacillus anthracis Shape : bacilli
Arrangement : chain (strep) Reaction with gram stain : Positive (purple). Disease : anthrax
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3. Spirillum
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For Example : Vibrio cholera Shape : spirillum (comma shape)
Arrangement : single Reaction with gram stain : Negative (red). Disease : cholera
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For Example : Treponema pallidum Shape : spirochete
Arrangement : single Reaction with gram stain : Negative (red). Disease : syphilis
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4. Filamentous (Actinomycetes)
Branch bacilli Nocardia sp. Arrangement : single Reaction with gram stain : Positive (purple).
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Motility of Bacteria Non-motile such as the most of cocci. • Motile, with two way : 1. Flagella → E. coli 2. Gliding → Myxobacteria
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Types of Flagellum
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2nd : Fungi Kingdome • All fungi are eukaryotic • They may be: - Unicellular → yeast - Multicellular → mushroom • All fungi have a cell wall
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classified by how they reproduce
Zygomycete Rhizopus sp. classified by how they reproduce Pnecillium nutatum Aspergillus niger Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ascomycete Basidiomycete Agaricus sp. Deuteromycete Fusarium sp.
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Rhizopus sp.
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Aspergillus sp
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Pnecillium sp
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Saccharomyces sp
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Agaricus sp
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3rd : Protista Kingdome (Algae)
• Thallus. • Contains Chlorophyll and other pigments. • Autotrophs
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Where can Algae live ? • Soil → Nostoc sp. • Sea water → Diatoms • Fresh water → Volvox sp
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Structure Filamentous Algae Algal colonies Volvox sp.
Unicellular algae Chlamydomonas sp. Structure Spirogyra sp. Filamentous Algae Algal colonies Volvox sp.
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Chlamydomonas sp.
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Algae Classification 1- Cyanophyta 2- Cholorophyta 3- Phaeophyta 4- Rhodophyta 5- Chrysophyta 6- Euglenophyta 7- Diatoms
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1. Cyanophyta ( Nostoc sp.)
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2. Chlorophyta ( Spirogyra sp.)
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Chlorophyta ( Volvox sp.)
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3-Phaeophyta ( Fucus sp.)
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Euglenophyta ( Euglena sp.)
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4th : Lichens A composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria (or both) living among filaments of a fungus in a symbiotic relationship.
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Types of Lichens e.g. Caloplaca sp.
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