1. Regulators Indices on Power Quality
DNO Argentinean common experiences are:
There are 3 quality levels fixed by the regulator and control stages more complexes with time
Voltage continuity (sustained interruptions)
Voltage quality (voltage level and disturbances)
Commercial quality (meter readings, claims, etc.)
DNO are responsible ($) for problems from TNO

2. Voltage Continuity (Interruptions)
Stage 1: average indices based on nominal kVA from interrupted MV/LV transformers (LV level excluded). ENS compute easily. A global fine as function of ENS, returned to all customers.
Stage 2: tracking of all interruptions (coming from HV, MV or LV systems) on each individual customer. ENS determination very complex. Monetary refund calculated separately for each customer.

3. STANDARD DEMAND PROFILE CUSTOMER’S ANUAL BILLING
ENS & PENALTIES (VOLTAGE CONTINUITY)
HOURS
CUTS LIMIT
TIME
LIMIT
NUMBER OF CUTS
STANDARD DEMAND PROFILE
ENERGY NOT SUPPLIED
CUSTOMER’S ANUAL BILLING
(kWH billed in
the last year) 1
AE (kWh) 24
ENS FOR
EACH CLIENT
$ TO THE CLIENT’S
ENERGY BILL
ENS VALUE:1.40 TO 2.71 $/kWh

4. Voltage Quality
Voltage Level: At customer level – more strict that EN (± 5 % on underground network, 97 % of recording time (7 days)). Limits change on overhead and rural networks. Fine as function of a complex calculation of delivery energy.
Voltage Disturbances: Flicker and Harmonics control. Sophisticated and expensive recorders. Must be registered till the 40th harmonic and the kWh linked to each harmonic to calculate fines.

5. VOLTAGE LEVELS PENALTIES SCHEMA
+ 7 %
+ 6 %
+ 5 % V Vn
- 5 %
- 6 %
- 7 % I

6. VOLTAGE LEVEL PENALTIES
— PENALTY
($/kWh)
— Max. Rate
(0.105 $/kWh)
— Min. Rate
(0.027 $/kWh)