1. The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte
SSWH14 The student will analyze the Age of Revolutions and Rebellions.
c. Explain Napoleon’s rise to power, and his defeat; and explain the consequences for Europe.

2. The Rise of Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte dominated French and European history from 1799 – 1815.
The French Revolution made his rise first in the military and then to supreme power of France.
Never ceased to remind the French that they owed him the preservation of all that was beneficial in the revolutionary program.
Possessed an overwhelming sense of his own importance.
He was convinced he was the man of destiny who would save the French people.

3. Early Life Born in Corsica, an island on the Mediterranean in 1769
Educated in French military schools which led to his commission in 1785 as a lieutenant in the French army
He was not well liked because he was short, spoke with an Italian accent, and had little money.

4. FRANCE
CORSICA- French Territory

5. Military Successes Rose quickly through the ranks
1792 became a Captain
1794 – Brigadier General
1796- Commander of the French armies in Italy where he used speed, deception, and surprise to win a series of victories
1797- returned to France as a conquering hero

6. Consul and Emperor
In 1799, back in Paris, Napoleon took part in the coup d'état that took over the government of the Directory
A new government called a consulate was proclaimed; theoretically it was a republic.
In fact, Napoleon held absolute power.
1802 made consul for life.
1804- he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I

8. Napoleon’s Domestic Policies
Made peace with the oldest enemy of the revolution, the Catholic faith.
1801 signed an agreement with the Pope recognizing the Catholic faith as the religion of the French people.
Most famous domestic policy was his codification of the laws.
Most important of these was the civil code, or Napoleonic Code, which recognized the principle of equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of serfdom and feudalism.
Women’s rights gained under the revolution were limited.

9. New Bureaucracy
Developed a powerful, centralized administrative machine
New aristocracy based on merit; 60% of which were of middle class origin.

10. Preserver of the Revolution????
Civil Code preserved equality before the law
Concept of opening government careers to more people was preserved
BUT…
Liberty was replaced by despotism that was increasingly arbitrary
Napoleon shut down 60 of France’s 73 newspapers
All manuscripts subject to government scrutiny
Even the mail was opened by the government police!!

11. Napoleon’s Empire
When Napoleon became consul, France was at war with a European coalition of Russia, Great Britain, and Austria
1807 – 1812 Napoleon was master of Europe
Sought to spread some principles of the French revolution

12. European Response
Napoleon hoped his Grand Empire would last for centuries
Collapsed almost as rapidly as it was formed for two major reasons:
Survival of Great Britain
Force of nationalism
Nationalism caused hatred of French as oppressors
French example of nationalism and what a nation in arms could do would not be soon forgotten.

14. Fall of Napoleon Began in 1812 with his invasion of Russia.
The Russians would not remain in Europe so Napoleon was “forced” to invade
June ,000 troops entered Russia; Hope for victory depended on a quick defeat.
Russians refused to give battle and retreated for hundreds of miles, burning the countryside as they went to keep Napoleon’s men from finding food.

15. The Great Retreat
After discovering Moscow ablaze, began the Great Retreat across Russia.
Terrible winter conditions; less than 40,000 arrived back in Poland in 1813
Other European states rose up and attacked the crippled French
Paris was captured in 1814 and Napoleon was exiled on the island of Elba.
The Bourbon monarchy was restored in the form of Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI.

17. Final Defeat Napoleon slipped back into France
Troops sent to capture him, but instead joined him and entered victoriously into Paris March 20, 1815.
Raised another army and moved to attack forces in Belgium

18. Battle of Waterloo
June 18, 1815 at Waterloo Napoleon met a combined British and Prussian army and suffered a bloody defeat
This time Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena, a small island in the South Atlantic and would only live on in the memories of the French political life.
Died in 1821

20. Impact of Napoleon
Napoleonic Code consolidated many changes of the revolution.
A centralized state with a constitution.
Expanded suffrage
Spread the ideas of the revolution
Failed to make Europe into a French Empire
Sparked nationalist feelings across Europe
Ushered in an era of American expansion with the Louisiana Purchase

21. Congress of Vienna
Diplomats and heads of state met to restore European stability and order in Europe after years of war
Met from September 1814 – June 1815
Goal to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power
Redrew the map of Europe
Added Belgium & Luxembourg to create the kingdom of the Netherlands
Gave Prussia lands along the Rhine River
Allowed Austria to reassert control over northern Italy
Restored hereditary monarchies by putting monarchies in France, Portugal, Spain and the Italian states back on the throne