1. BIC 10503: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Chapter 1 Introduction

2. Overview
Why study computer architecture?
Architecture and Organization
Structure and Function
History and Evolution of Computer

3. Why Study Computer Architecture?
Understand where computers are going
Future capabilities drive the (computing) world
Real world-impact: no computer architecture ! no computers!
Understand high-level design concepts
The best architects understand all the levels
Devices, circuits, architecture, compiler, applications
Understand computer performance
Writing well-tuned (fast) software requires knowledge of hardware
Get a (design or research) software job
Best software designers understand hardware
Need to understand hardware to write good software

4. Architecture & Organization
Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Organization is how features are implemented
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

5. Architecture & Organization 2
All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture
This gives code compatibility
At least backwards
Organization differs between different versions
**One of the advantages of having the SAME architecture is that the same software can be used in the newer computer models with DIFFERENT computer organization.

6. Structure & Function
Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

7. All computer functions are:
Data processing
Data storage
Data movement
Control

8. Functional View

9. Operations (a) Data movement

10. Operations (b) Storage

11. Operation (c) Processing from/to storage

12. Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O

13. Structure - Top Level Computer Peripherals Central Input Processing
Unit
Input
Output
Computer
Systems
Bus
Main
Memory
Communication
lines

14. Structure - The CPU CPU Computer Arithmetic Control and Unit
Logic Unit
Control
Unit
I/O
System
Bus
CPU
Internal CPU
Bus
Memory
Registers

15. Structure - The Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
Logic
ALU
Control
Unit
Internal
Bus
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Registers
Control
Memory

16. History and Evolution of Computer
Generation I
Generation II
Generation III
Generation IV
Generation V
Generation VI
**Read Chapter 2 (Computer Evolution and Performance) in William Stallings book.

17. Generation I : 1946 – 1957
Use tube vacuum technology to process and store data.
Disadvantages  More heat dissipation
Need more tube vacuum to recover the bust vacuums.
Use more electricity
Example: ENIAC, EDVAC

18. Generation II: 1958 – 1964 Replaced vacuum tubes with transistor
Smaller
Cheaper
Less heat dissipation
Solid State device, made from Silicon
Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
First minicomputer –DEC PDP-1, 1957

19. Generation III: 1965 – 1971
Integrated Circuit (IC) – the third generation of computer
- Main computing components (transistors, capacitors, resistors) are integrated into single component
Also called as Microelectronic era
Microelectronic means “small electronics”
A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections
IBM System/360 and DEC PDP-8.

20. Generation IV: 1972 – 1977
Use technology of Large-Scale Integration (LSI) – more than 1,000 components can be place into one integration circuit chip.

21. Generation V:
Use technology of Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) – more than 10,000 components can be place into one integration circuit chip.
The beginning of supercomputer – have more than one processor that can be functional concurrently to solve the problems.

22. Generation VI: 1991 - Present
Use technology of Ultra Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) – more than 100,000,000 components can be place into one integration circuit chip.

23. Generations of Computer
Vacuum tube
Transistor
Small scale integration on
Up to 100 devices on a chip
Medium scale integration - to 1971
100-3,000 devices on a chip
Large scale integration
3, ,000 devices on a chip
Very large scale integration
100, ,000,000 devices on a chip
Ultra large scale integration – Present
Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

24. Moore’s Law
Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Intel observed in 1965 that “the number of transistors on a chip will double every year”
The law is hold and the implications to the computer technology are:
Increased density of components on chip
Cost of a chip has reduced
Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance
Smaller size gives increased flexibility
Reduced power and cooling requirements
Fewer interconnections increases reliability

25. Growth in CPU Transistor Count

26. Intel 1971 – Intel 4004 Followed in 1972 by Intel 8008
First microprocessor
All CPU components on a single chip
4 bit of bus width, 108kHz clock speed, 2300 transistors
Followed in 1972 by Intel 8008
8 bit of bus width, 108kHz clock speed, 3500 transistors
Both designed for specific applications
Intel 8080
8 bit of bus width, 2MHz clock speed, 6000 transistors
Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
Used in first personal computer – Altair

27. Intel Evolution (1) 1978 - Intel 8086 1982 - Intel 80286
much more powerful
16 bit of bus width, 5-10MHz clock speed, transistors
instruction cache, prefetch few instructions
Intel 80286
16 bits of bus width, MHz clock speed, transistors
Intel 80386
32 bit of bus width, 16-33MHz clock speed, transistors
Support for multitasking

28. Intel Evolution (2) 1991 - Intel 80486 1993 - Pentium
sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining
built in maths co-processor
Pentium
Superscalar
Multiple instructions executed in parallel
Pentium Pro
Increased superscalar organization
Aggressive register renaming
branch prediction
data flow analysis
speculative execution

29. Intel Evolution (3) 1997 - Pentium II 1999 - Pentium III
MMX technology
graphics, video & audio processing
Pentium III
Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
Pentium 4
Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals
Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
Core 2 Duo
64 bit of bus width, GHz clock speed, 167 million transistors
2011 – Core i7
64 bit of bus width, 3.5GHz clock speed, 1170 million transistors
**read Intel website

30. Category base on  Usage
Category of Computer
Category base on  Usage
General use
Computer can be use to do many tasks according to the given instruction.
Special use
Computer is developed for specific purpose.
Many insruction for this computer is build in permanently.

31. Category of Computer Category base on  Size
1. Micro Computer
Formerly known as PC (personal computer) .
Memory size = small
Can be use by one user at a time.
2. Mini Computer
Can support 40 terminals – 40 users at a time.

32. Category of Computer Category base on  Size
3. Mainframe
Can support more than 100 terminals.
Have more specific function compared to PC and mini computer.
4. Supercomputer
Ability to process the tasks in very fast way.
Have several unit of processors that can functioned concurrently.

33. Software
A group of computer program that connect user to the computer hardware or devices.
Have sequence of instructions that must be complied by all computer components.
Two types:
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE

34. Instruction Set Architecture
ISA is the interface to the hardware. It is related to programming.
It includes:-
machine language instructions
registers
data types

35. Conclusion
The evolution of computers has been characterized by increasing processor, speed, decreasing computer size, increasing memory size and increasing I/O capacity and speed.

36. Charles Babbage Institute PowerPC Intel Developer Home
Internet Resources
Search for the Intel Museum
Charles Babbage Institute
PowerPC
Intel Developer Home

37. THANK YOU