1. Modern World History Chapter 13, Section 4 A Flawed Peace

2. Paris Peace Conference (#1)
On January 18, 1919, a conference to establish the terms to end World War I began at the Palace of Versailles, outside Paris.
Attending the talks, known as the Paris Peace Conference, were delegates representing 32 countries.
For months, this conference would be the scene of vigorous, often bitter debate.

3. The Big Four (#2)
This group of leaders was known as the Big Four dominated the peace talks in Paris at Versailles.
David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Great Britain
Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy
Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France
Woodrow Wilson, President of the U.S.

4. Wilson’s Plan for Peace (#3)
During the war Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points—an outline for lasting world peace
Calls for free trade, an end to alliances, and military buildups
Promotes self-determination —right of people to govern their own nation
Envisions international peace-keeping body to settle world disputes

5. Disagreements Between Big Four (#4)
Britain and France opposed Wilson’s ideas and wanted to punish Germany
They also wanted to limit Germany’s war-making powers
Germany had agreed to the armistice with the understanding that the Fourteen Points would be used in determining the peace treaty
Wilson wanted treaty to set rules to maintain future peace
After a year of tense negotiations, Allies and Germany sign the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919

6. The Treaty of Versailles (#5 & #7)
Ideas from Wilson’s Fourteen Points:
Creates League of Nations – international organization to keep peace
Reduction of militaries (but treaty only required Germany to do so)
Principle of Self-Determination leads to creation of new nations from land taken from Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (losers of war)
Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia
The Treaty of Versailles (#5 & #7)

7. Europe Pre-World War I (1914)
Russia
Germany
Austria-
Hungary
Ottoman Empire

8. New European Countries Post World War I
Finland-land lost by Russia
Estonia-land lost by Russia
Latvia-land lost by Russia
Lithuania-land lost by Russia
Poland-restored from land lost by Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Austria
Hungary
Romania-gained land
Yugoslavia

9. The Treaty of Versailles (#6)
Ways the Treaty Punished Germany:
Blames Germans for starting the war (war guilt clause)
Forces Germany to pay damages (reparations) to Allied nations
League to rule German colonies until deemed ready for independence
German land on French border given to France
Size of German army and navy limited

10. Mandates in Africa and Middle East
French Mandate of Syria
French Mandate of Lebanon
British Mandate of Palestine
British Mandate of Transjordan
British Mandate of Iraq
British Togoland
French Togoland
British Cameroon
French Cameroon
Belgian Ruanda-Urundi
British Tanganyika
South-West Africa (controlled by South Africa)

11. “A Peace Build on Quicksand” (#8)
Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness on both sides
German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war
U.S. never ratifies Treaty of Versailles
Many Americans oppose League of Nations and involvement with Europe
Some former colonies express anger over not winning independence (not allowed self-determination)
Japan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less land than they want US
Senate
Treaty of Peace

13. Long-term Effect of the War (#9)
The bitterness created by the treaty would not go away
This would eventually lead to another catastrophic war in Europe