1. The Industrial Revolution, problems and social issues

2. Terms and People (continued)
communism – in practice, a system in which a small elite controlled the political and economic life of a nation
social democracy – a political ideology favoring gradual transition from capitalism to socialism
socialism – the belief that the means of production should be owned and operated by and for the people in general rather than by and for private individuals
germ theory – the idea that certain microbes cause specific infectious diseases
Louis Pasteur – a French chemist who showed the link between microbes and disease and developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax

3. Terms and People (continued)
impressionism – a style of art in which painters attempted to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object
Claude Monet – an impressionist artist who applied colors without combining them, relying on the human eye to blend them
Vincent van Gogh – a postimpressionist painter who experimented with sharp lines and bright colors
dynamo – a machine that is used to generate electricity

4. Terms and People (continued)
stock – shares of a company
corporation – business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment
realism – an attempt to represent the world as it was
Charles Dickens – an English novelist who portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers in his books

5. What new ideas about economics and society were fostered as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
Economic thinkers developed new ideas and ideologies to explain the staggering changes of the Industrial Age.
While some focused on the benefits of the free operation of capitalism, others looked at the harsh conditions faced by workers.

6. Enlightenment economic thinkers believed that natural laws govern the world of business and economics.
They believed these laws should be allowed to operate without any government interference.
This attitude of keeping “hands off” was called
“laissez faire.”

7. Most famous of these thinkers was Adam Smith, who published The Wealth of Nations in 1776.
Most middle-class capitalists agreed with Smith’s laissez- faire approach to capitalism.
Supporters of free-market capitalism saw the success of the industrial age, in which government played no part, as evidence for laissez faire.

8. The champions of laissez-faire economics
praised individual rights, whereas socialists
focused on the good of society in general.
Socialism: The people as a whole should own and operate the means of production for the general good.
Capitalism: Individuals should own and operate the means of production for profit.

9. Along with Englishman Frederick Engels, German Karl Marx published The Communist Manifesto in 1848.
In Communism , the workers would take over all of the means of production, such as the farms, factories, and railways, and run them for the public good. Marx called for workers everywhere to unite and overthrow the capitalists.
In Germany, socialists adapted Marx’s beliefs to form social democracy, a political ideology calling for a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism.

10. Industrialized societies needed educated, literate workers.
More governments set up public schools supported by taxes.
University education also expanded. Many state schools and institutions established.
Some reformers sought greater educational opportunities for women. Including women’s suffrage or the right to vote.

11. Populations soared in Europe and America between 1800 and 1900.
Louis Pasteur proved germ theory, showing that microbes cause specific illnesses.
As people understood the causes of disease, they bathed and changed their clothes more often.
Florence Nightingale an army nurse during the Crimean War, worked to improve hospital conditions, drastically reducing deaths from infection.
The death rate fell due to improved nutrition and significant advances in medicine. 11

12. Cities changed as industrialization progressed.
City planners led urban renewal projects.
Settlement patterns changed. The poor lived in slums at the center while the rich moved to the outskirts.
Architects used steel to construct soaring skyscrapers.
Cities like New York City, Detroit, Berlin ,Germany and Manchester, England became large industrial centers with booming populations and plentiful jobs.

13. As the Industrial Revolution drew to a close, the standard of living rose among city dwellers.
Workers tried to improve their living conditions. By the mid 1800s they began to see progress.
Union membership grew and workers used strikes to demand wage increases.
Health improved and infant mortality decreased.
People had more time for leisure activities such as going to zoos, circuses, sporting events, and movies.
People ate better, dressed in mass-produced clothing, and bought more luxury goods.

14. Realists sought to depict life as it really was, and often focused on the harsh side of existence.
A new artistic movement called realism emerged in the mid-1800s.
Charles Dickens portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and orphans in his popular novels.

15. As photography emerged, painters took new directions in their work.
Louis Daguerre and George Eastman improved on earlier technology to produce photographs by the 1840s and started the Kodak company.
Since the camera could be used to realistically depict life, painters faced the challenge of what to do next. Impressionism evolved as a result.

16. Unlike earlier artists, Claude Monet and other impressionists did not attempt to hide their brush strokes.
These artists attempted to create a fresh view of the world.
Postimpressionists, such as Vincent van Gogh, experimented further with line and color to add a dreamlike quality to images in their work.
Impressionist painters sought to capture an “impression” of an object or a scene.

17. Germany, France, and the United States caught up to Britain quickly.
Great Britain had been the first nation to industrialize. It tried to protect this head start by making rules against exporting inventions.
Germany, France, and the United States caught up to Britain quickly.
They benefited from lots of natural resources. Europe and the United States also borrowed British technology.
Following its unification in 1871, Germany became Europe’s leading industrial power. The United States also advanced rapidly after the Civil War. 17

18. The effects of industrialization were both positive and negative
The effects of industrialization were both positive and negative. The world industrialized unevenly.
The nations of eastern and southern Europe industrialized slowly. They lacked natural resources, capital, or ideal political conditions.
However, Japan, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand all industrialized during the late 1800s and built thriving economies.
People worked very long hours in dangerous factories.
Government also responded to pressure and passed laws to regulate working conditions and ban child labor.
But new goods became widely available at low prices.
Western powers grew to dominate the world.

19. New methods of production improved efficiency in factories
New methods of production improved efficiency in factories. Big business began to dominate industry in the late 1800s.
Making products with interchangeable parts simplified both manufacture and repair.
Workers on an assembly line added these parts to the product as it moved along a belt through the factory.
Because goods could be produced more quickly and cheaply, prices decreased, and more people became consumers.
Company owners sold stock to investors to get the capital needed to invest in new technology.
Companies became corporations, businesses owned by many stockholders.

20. The transportation revolution that began with the first railroads continued.
Transcontinental railroads linked cities together.
Automakers such as Ransom Olds, Karl Benz, and Gottlieb Daimler changed the way people traveled by using gasoline to power internal combustion engines.
Henry Ford used the assembly line to mass- produce cars and make them affordable.

21. Innovations in chemistry, electricity, and communication changed how industry operated in the late 1800s.
Inventor
Major invention
Year
Alfred Nobel
Dynamite
1866
Michael Faraday
First simple electric motor and the dynamo
Late 1800s
Thomas Edison
Electric light bulb
1870s
Samuel Morse
Telegraph
1844
Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone
1876
Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi
Radio
Late 1890s

22. The internal combustion engine also made sustained flight possible.
Orville and Wilbur Wright American bicycle makers who designed and flew an airplane in 1903, ushering in the air age.