2. City Bellwork
What city did you choose to live in? Why?
Answers Vary

3. Objective
WWABT: Identify and review major moment and people from 3rd quarter

4. Interactive Notebook Setup
3/26/2018
Black Founded Cities Chart
This will be one page

5. MAJOR MOMENT AND PEOPLE FROM 3rd QUATER
5 most important events from 1860 to 1910.
For each event you will need to do the following:
Include a specific date(ideally Day, Month and Year)
Include a 1-2 Sentence summary of the event
Include a 2-3 Sentence explanation for WHY this is was chosen as an essential events in American History
Who are the 5 most important people from
For each person you will need to do the following:
1-2 Sentences explaining who they are
1-2 Sentences explaining why they are so important

6. TEST TUESDAY 4/3 TOPICS: Reconstruction Jim Crow Era and Segregation
Rise of the KKK & Lynchings
HBCUs and Black Education
Major Black Leaders
The NAACP
The West
American and Native Relations

7. The West Bellwork
What are at least three things that come to mind when you hear the phrase “The American West”
Answers Vary

8. Migration Bellwork
Why might a family decide to migrate or move to a new area?
Come up with at least THREE reasons?
Work/Economic opportunities, Be closer to community/family, Get away from abuse/persecution, Health/medical reason, ect

9. Objective
WWBAT: Discuss causes of Western migration and the development of the trans-continental railroad

10. Homestead Act & Exodusters
Cattle Kingdom
Railroads

11. Interactive Notebook Setup
3/27/2018
Western Expansion and Economics
This will be one page

12. Homestead Act & Exodusters
Railroads

13. The Homestead Act
In 1862 the US government passed on of the most important pieces of legislation when it came to settling the West
It was called the Homestead Act

14. The Homestead Act
The government gave 160 acres of land to anyone who would farm it for 5 years
This gave people a huge incentive to move out to Western lands
It also created economic opportunities for poor Easterners to start a new life

15. People who acquired free land from the government act were called homesteaders
By 1900, half a million farmers have settled on the Great Plains under the Homestead Act.

16. The Homestead Act Over 90% of land was given to white settlers
However the same things that drew white settlers also attracted black settlers
Black settlers were also motivated by a hope of escaping Jim Crow oppression

17. Exodusters Black settlers that moved west during the 1870s-1890s
For many the CLEAR abandoning of Reconstruction motivated the move
Mostly moved to Midwest states, mostly by steamboat
Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Colorado, and Texas
Over 25,000 black folks moved as part of this migration

21. Exodusters Most black settlers worked in farming
Many were caught off guard by the harsh climate and geography of the Midwest
Some Black settlers formed their own towns/communities to support one another

24. Exodusters
Many settlers changed their economic plans as they moved West
Men became cowboys and railroad workers
Women opened laundromats, restaurants, and worked as cleaners and teachers

25. Exodusters
White Southerners often worked hard to prevent this migrations because it would reduce the numbers of cheap agricultural laborers
Black would be falsely arrested or imprisoned, have unbreakable additions made to their sharecropping contracts, or simply by physically threatened

26. The Railroad Boom
In 1865, America had 50,000 miles of railroad, primarily in the Northern states
No railroads went West
America experienced a tremendous railroad boom after the Civil War
Over 150,000 miles of track was built between

27. Railroads!
One of the most important developments to encourage the development of the West was railroads
The East Coast had already build thousands of miles of railroads
The development of mining encouraged building Railroads in the West
This lead to a desire to build a transcontinental railroad

28. Why Build a Transcontinental Railroad?
Growth of West Coast
West Coast gold and silver
Shorter trip to move West
Connect East with West for business
Solidify the Union
Achieve Manifest Destiny

29. Railroads!
Congress passed the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864, giving railroad companies loans and land grants to encourage the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad
Government helped create The Union Pacific Company to build railroad from the East and meet the Central Pacific

30. The Game Plan Central Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad
Begin in Sacramento, CA
Broke ground January 1863
Union Pacific Railroad
Begin in Omaha, NE
Broke ground in late 1863 but no tracks laid until 1865
Route along the 42nd Parallel
Meeting place: Promontory Summit, UT

32. Railroads!
The primary workforce was Irish and Chinese immigrants because the pay was very low
Also because Chinese immigrants were forced out mining work by the Foreign Miner Tax
Work was extremely difficult and very dangerous
Dangerous due to use of new technology, weather, conflict with Native Americans, ect

41. The Golden Spike(Railroads!)
On May 10th, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, the “Golden Spike’ was driven into the ground uniting both the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads
1st railroad line connecting the East to the West
Travel time now about 4-5 days from NY to California
Considered the greatest architectural and engineering achievements of the time

45. The Railroad’s Impact
Transportation of people and goods was quicker and cheaper
New era of interstate trade and commerce
1865 – it cost $3.45 to ship a barrel of flour from NY to Chicago
1890 it costs .68 cents
New jobs were created as part of railroad industry
Westward Expansion became much safer/Quicker/Cheaper
Lead to greater tension with Native American and eventual removal

46. Technological Improvements (Railroads!)
Railroad track was standardized – width of steel rail, and width from rail to rail
National signals are established
George Westinghouse developed air brakes
1883, A National time and Time Zones are established
For scheduling, everyone was on the same time

48. The Cattle Kingdom
Before the arrival of the settlers the Spanish and Mexicans set up cattle ranches in the Southwest
Strays from these ranches grew into large herds of wild cattle. These cattle were known as longhorns
Demand for beef/meat in cities was skyrocketing

49. The Texas longhorns were perfect for the market.

50. The Cattle Kingdom
There were thousands of acres open range in the west
Vast grasslands of the public land
Railroads introduced range-cattle industry
The expansion of railroads made it so cattle could easily make it to markets

51. The Cattle Kingdom
On “Long drives” cowboys would drive cattle from the range to railroad centers
Once at these railroad centers cattle would be sent to the east for distribution
Abilene, KS; Dodge City, Wichita, KS; Laramie, WY were all Cow town

52. The Cattle Kingdom
Many of the cow hands were Mexicans, called Vaqueros who had worked with cattle dating back to the time of the Spanish colonies
Thousands of Civil War Veterans, former slaves, Native Americans, and men who had built the Railroads worked as cowboys

53. e

55. The Cattle Kingdom
4,000,000 head of longhorn cattle were driven north from 1866 to 1888
Populations of Kansas and Nebraska doubled several times in the last half of the nineteenth century, greatly due to an influx of capital from the cattle drives.

56. The Cattle Kingdom
More settlers meant less open range, making long drives nearly impossible
There was a great amount of conflict and tension between farmers and sheepherders
Called Range Wars

57. The Cattle Kingdom
Invention of the refrigerated railcars and more railways dramatically reduced the need for long range drives
2 severe winters 1885 – 1886 & 1886 – 1887 devastated the cattle industry
Eventually large landowners and companies would take to raising & breed cattle on land effectively killing the long range drive market

58. Westward Migration Bellwork
What was the Homestead Act?
Gave 160 acres to anyone willing to work it for 5 years
What are two reasons that exodusters moved west?
Economic Opportunity and fleeing Jim Crow Oppression
Who was the primary workforce that built the transcontinental railroad?
Irish and Chinese Immigrants