1. Unit 01.A Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Lecture An Introduction to Anatomy
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An Introduction to Anatomy
Frederic Martini
Michael Timmons
Robert Tallitsch

2. All specific functions are performed by specific structures.
Introduction
All specific functions are performed by specific structures.
Structure, therefore, determines function.
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3. Microscopic anatomy is limited by the equipment used.
Microscopic anatomy (fine anatomy) is defined as structures that can not be seen without magnification.
Microscopic anatomy is limited by the equipment used.
Light microscope
Electron microscope
Cytology
Histology
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4. Figure 1.1 The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales
Microscopic Anatomy
Figure 1.1 The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales

5. Gross Anatomy
Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) is the study of structures visible to the unaided eye.
Surface anatomy refers to the general form, or morphology, and superficial anatomical markings.
Regional anatomy considers all structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep.
Systemic anatomy is the study of anatomy one organ system at a time.
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6. Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Developmental anatomy: structural changes over time
Embryology: first two months of development
Comparative anatomy: considers different types of animals
Medical anatomy: anatomical changes during disease
Radiographic anatomy: noninvasive imaging procedures
Surgical anatomy: anatomical landmarks important to surgical procedures
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7. Levels of Organization
Chemicals
12+ elements in the body
Four of them make up 99% of the body.
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
Major classes of compounds:
Water
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
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8. Levels of Organization
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Figure 1.3a,b Composition of the Body at the Chemical Level of Organization

9. Levels of Organization
Cells are the smallest living units of the levels of organization.
Tissues are many cells and some surrounding material.
Organs are combinations of tissues.
Organs combine to form organ systems.
The human is composed of 11 organ systems.
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10. Levels of Organization
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Figure 1.4 Levels of Organization

11. Levels of Organization
This movie reviews the levels of organization from high to low.
PLAY
Levels of Organization
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12. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Responsiveness (irritability): change activity based upon a stimulus
Adaptability: long-term responsiveness
Growth: the increase in size of an organism
Differentiation: becoming specialized in function
Reproduction: the production of new generations of the same organism
Movement: the ability to change the position of something.
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13. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in the body.
Anabolism: bonding chemicals together
Catabolism: breaking of bonds
Absorption is the process of bringing chemicals into the body.
Respiration is the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells.
Excretion is the removal of wastes.
Digestion is the processes of catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed.
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14. The Integumentary System
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Figure 1.6a The Organ Systems of the Body

15. Figure 1.6b The Organ Systems of the Body
The Skeletal System
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Figure 1.6b The Organ Systems of the Body

16. Figure 1.6c The Organ Systems of the Body
The Muscular System
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Figure 1.6c The Organ Systems of the Body

17. Figure 1.6d The Organ Systems of the Body
The Nervous System
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Figure 1.6d The Organ Systems of the Body

18. Figure 1.6e The Organ Systems of the Body
The Endocrine System
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Figure 1.6e The Organ Systems of the Body

19. The Cardiovascular System
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Figure 1.6f The Organ Systems of the Body

20. Figure 1.6g The Organ Systems of the Body
The Lymphatic System
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Figure 1.6g The Organ Systems of the Body

21. The Respiratory System
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Figure 1.6h The Organ Systems of the Body

22. Figure 1.6i The Organ Systems of the Body
The Digestive System
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Figure 1.6i The Organ Systems of the Body

23. Figure 1.6j The Organ Systems of the Body
The Urinary System
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Figure 1.6j The Organ Systems of the Body

24. The Male Reproductive System
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Figure 1.6k The Organ Systems of the Body

25. The Female Reproductive System
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Figure 1.6l The Organ Systems of the Body

26. This movie reviews the 11 organ systems.
PLAY
Organ Systems
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27. The Language of Anatomy
Superficial anatomy: anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms help in understanding the underlying structures.
Anatomical landmarks:
Anatomical position: standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead
Supine: lying down with the face up
Prone: lying down with the face down
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28. Figure 1.8 Anatomical Landmarks
Anatomical Regions
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Figure 1.8 Anatomical Landmarks

29. Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
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Figure 1.9a Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.9b Abdominopelvic Regions

30. Anatomical Directions
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Figure Directional References

31. Figure 1.11 Planes of Section
Sectional Anatomy
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Figure Planes of Section

32. Serial reconstruction was used to make this CT scan.
Sectional Anatomy
Serial reconstruction was used to make this CT scan.
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Figure 1.16a,b Scanning Techniques

33. The diaphragm separates the ventral body cavity.
Body Cavities
Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems are housed in the ventral body cavity.
The diaphragm separates the ventral body cavity.
The ventral body cavity is protected and lubricated by a two-layer membrane system called serous membranes.
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34. Figure 1.14a,c Body Cavities
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Figure 1.14a,c Body Cavities

35. Figure 1.13 The Ventral Body Cavity
Body Cavities
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[Insert fig 1.13]
Figure The Ventral Body Cavity