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Introduction to Memory

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1 Introduction to Memory
Modules

2 Opening Activity Get out a blank piece of paper
Write down all the responses that come to mind, in the order they come to mind In this exercise, incorrect answers are just as important as correct ones in illustrating the principle of memory.

3 Opening Activity Ready???? Name the seven dwarfs.

4 Opening Activity Ready???? Name the seven dwarfs.

5 Opening Activity 18% (+/- 2%) of American students can name all seven
Common factors in memory recall Tip of the Tongue phenomenon Retrieval failure Organization by sound, letter or meaning Wrong responses are similar in sound or letters Wrong answers likely to include two-syllabled names ending in a y-sound (Lazy, Clumsy, Droopy, Grouchy) Recall versus Recognition

6 What is Memory? To psychologists, memory is learning that has persisted over time; it is information that has been acquired, stored, and can be retrieved. Life without a memory: Clive Wearing

7 3-Stage Memory Process Information-processing models are analogies that compare human memory to a computer’s operations. Encoding describes getting information into our brain. Storage describes how we retain information. Retrieval describes how we later get the information back out.

8 Memory Models Unlike computers that process sequentially, human minds process simultaneously. Parallel Processing describes the processing of many things simultaneously. You enter the classroom; see the warm-up, hear conversations, think about last class, etc. all at the same time

9 Memory Models To explain our memory-forming process,
Atkinson and Shiffrin propose a three-stage model: We first record information as sensory memory: lasting a fraction of a second. From there, we process information into short - term memory, where we encode it through rehearsal. Finally, information moves into long - term memory for later retrieval.

10 Memory Models Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model External Events
Maintenance Rehearsal External Events Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory Immediate, very brief sensory information Holds a few items briefly (7  2) Relatively permanent and limitless storage Knowledge Skills Experiences

11 Memory Models Others have modified the Atkinson and Shiffrin model to include the idea of working memory. Working memory is a newer concept of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

12 Alan Baddeley’s working memory model
Memory Models Alan Baddeley’s working memory model

13 Memory Models Modified three-stage model that includes the idea of working memory. Automatic Processing Maintenance Rehearsal Long-term Memory Storage External Events Working Short-term Memory Sensory Memory Encoding Sensory Input Encoding Retrieving Attention to important or novel information

14 Building Memory: Encoding
Effortful –vs– Automatic Processing Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model focused on explicit memories. memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory) We encode explicit memories through conscious, effortful processing. encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

15 Building Memory: Encoding
Effortful –vs– Automatic Processing Example of effortful processing: .citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE At first this requires effort, but with practice it can become more automatic.

16 Building Memory: Encoding
Effortful –vs– Automatic Processing Automatic processing skips the conscious track and happens without awareness. unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, frequency, and of well-learned information such as word meanings. This automatic retention of information is called implicit processing.

17 Building Memory: Encoding
Effortful –vs– Automatic Processing Examples of automatic processing: Space: you encode the place on a page where certain information is located. Time: you unintentionally note the sequence of events that happened in your day. Frequency: you effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen to you.

18 National Memory Champion
Memory Building Joshua Foer 2006 U.S.A. National Memory Champion

19 Homework Finish your jigsaw puzzle – it is due tomorrow

20 Homework Reproduce the modified three-stage processing model of memory on the bottom of page 319 in green textbook. Be prepared to recall information from this model.


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