1. Number Systems
Base 2, 10, 16

2. Base 10 Decimal System has 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1000
100 10 1
106
105
104
103
102
101

3. Base 2 The Binary system has only 2 digits: 0 and 1 32 16 8 4 1 26 2564
32 
 16  8 4  2  1 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

4. Adding in Binary
Adding in Binary is just like adding in decimal 1 16
+14 30 1
101
+ 1
110

5. Subtracting in Binary 1 20 - 14 6 01 100 - 1 11
Subtracting in Binary is just like subtracting in decimal 1 20
- 14 6 01
100 11 1 1 1

6. Multiplying in Binary 26 x 14 104 260 364 1101 x 11 11010 100111
Multiplying in Binary is just like multiplying in decimal 26
x 14
104
260
364
1101 x
11010
100111

7. Base 16
The Hexadecimal system has 16 digits: 0-9, plus A, B, C, D, E, F
65,536
4096
256 16 1
164
163
162
161
160

8. Converting between Base 2 and 16
Each hexadecimal digit converts directly to a four-digit binary number.
Base 16
Base 10
Base 2
0000 8
1000 1
0001 9
1001 2
0010 A 10
1010 3
0011 B 11
1011 4
0100 C 12
1100 5
0101 D 13
1101 6
0110 E 14
1110 7
0111 F 15
1111

9. Converting between Base 2 and 16
Similarly, every four binary digits can be converted to one hexadecimal digit. 8 C 1 A 9