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FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

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Presentation on theme: "FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY"— Presentation transcript:

1 FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

2 Cranium/ Skull Mandible Clavicle Sternum Scapula Ribs Humerus Word Bank: Carpals Cervical Vertebrae Clavicle Cranium/Skull Femur Fibula Humerus Ilium Ischium Lumbar Vertebrae Mandible Metacarpals Metatarsals Patella Phalanges (2x) Radius Ribs Sacrum Scapula Sternum Tarsals Tibia Ulna Vertebrae Ulna Ilium Radius Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Ishium Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

3 Four Classifications of Bones
Long femur & humerus Short carpals & tarsals Flat ribs, cranium, & scapula Irregular vertebrae

4 Long Bones Epiphysis are the ends of the long bones which contain red marrow. Diaphysis is the long middle area between the ends which contains yellow marrow

5 2 Types of bone Compact Bone Spongy Bone Hardend material
In long bones it makes up the diaphysis and covers the epiphysis Spongy Bone Bone with many open spaces Found in the epiphysis of long bones

6 Bones begin as a flexible tissue called cartilage.
Throughout childhood most of the cartilage is replaced with solid bone

7 Bone Growth Growth of long bones occur in the epiphsis at what is called the epipheseal plate….aka. “growth plate” The epipheseal plate becomes thinner as we age and stop growing.

8 Infant Skull Has areas called fontenals (“soft spot”) which have not become solid bone yet

9 Infant Skull Will solidify to become the lines on the skull that we call sutures.

10 Influences on Skeletal Remains
Skeleton will show evidence of a person’s Job/activity level Diet Illness/chronic disease Trauma

11 Anthropological Examination
Excavated remains will be: Cleaned in forensic lab Arranged in correct anatomical order May be possible for forensic anthropologist to determine Sex Race Age Stature (height)

12 Child vs Adult Skeleton
Before puberty biological identification of remains can be difficult because Bones are mostly cartilage Growth plates not fused Sexual differences not as pronounced Best determinant – skull

13 Gender Identification
Male vs. Female

14 MALE or FEMALE ??? Pelvis Skull
Two parts of the skeleton will be used to determine the gender of the individual Pelvis Skull

15 Subpubic Angle - Area right below the cartilage piece called the pubic symphysis
Females: Greater than 90° angle “U” shaped Males: Less than 90° angle “V” shaped

16 Pelvic aperture - opening down into the pelvis that forms at the base of ilum bones
Female: Wide/round Male: Narrow/heart-shaped FEMALE MALE

17 Greater sciatic notch – The notch in the back of the hipbone.
The notch tends to be narrow in males (˂68o) and wider in females (˃68o). Female Male

18 Orbaturator foramen – The hole made by the joining of the ischium and pubis bones
Tends to be more oval in shape in males and more triangular in females. FEMALE MALE

19 Sacrum Female: Short/Wide Straight Male: Long/Narrow Tilts Inward

20 Sex determination - Pelvis
Trait Male Female Subpubic angle < 90 o “V” shaped ˃90 o “U” shaped Pelvic aperture Narrow/ heart-shaped Wide/round Greater sciatic notch ˂68 o > 68 o Orbaturator foramen Oval Triangular Sacrum Long/Narrow Tilts inward Short/Wide Straight

21 Chin Forehead Male: Square Female: Rounded Male: Sloping
Female: Vertical

22 Supraorbital Ridges Zygomatic Arch (Eyebrow Ridges) Males: Females:
Larger/more prominent Females: Less prominent Zygomatic Arch (Cheek Bones) Males: Extends past ear area Females: Does not extend past ear area

23 Orbits: (Eye Sockets) Male: more square Female: more rounded MALE

24 Mastoid Process Male: More pointed Female: Less Pointed

25 Sex determination - Skull
Trait Male Female Forehead Sloping Vertical Chin Square Rounded Supraorbital ridges (eyebrow ridges) Larger/more prominent Not as prominent Zygomatic arches (cheek bone) Extend past the ear area Do not extend past the ear area Orbits (eye socket) Thicker/more blunt Sharper/ rounder Mastoid Process More pointed Less pointed

26 Caucasoid, Mongoloid, or Negroid
Race Determination Caucasoid, Mongoloid, or Negroid

27 Naison – bridge of nose

28 Measuring nasal width from
inside nasal cavity

29 Nasal Height-naison to nasal spine measured with caliper.

30 Nasal Index Ratio: Width/ Height

31 Nasal spine Nasal Silling – the bottom of the nasal spine points outward forming a “spout” Nasal Guttering- lacking a sill at the bottom of the nasal opening

32 Prognathism: projection of the lower jaw

33 Shape of orbits Eye orbits or

34 Race determination Mongoloid Asian Native American Indian Caucasoid
White Hispanic Negroid African

35 Caucasian Orbital openings: round Nasal spine: Prominent
Progathism: straight Orbital openings: round Caucasian Trait Nasal Index: <.48 Nasal Spine: Prominent spine Nasal Silling / Guttering: Sharp ridge (silling) Prognathism: Straight Shape of Orbital Openings: Rounded, somewhat square

36 Negroid Trait Nasal Index >.53 Nasal Spine Very small spine
Nasal Silling/ Guttering No ridge (guttering) Prognathism Prognathic Shape of Orbital Openings Rectangular or square

37 Mongoloid Trait Nasal Index .48-.53 Nasal Spine
Somewhat prominent spine Nasal Silling/ Guttering Rounded ridge Prognathism Variable Shape of Orbital Openings Rounded, somewhat circular

38 Humerus, Radius, Femur

39 Age determination - Dentition
Characteristics of Dentition Less affected by environmental factors Hardest structure in human body Tooth buds develop 2nd month after conception Eruption follows pattern In Adult skeleton Resorption of bone Attrition Root resorption

40 Average Age of Eruption
Deciduous eruption Deciduous teeth Average Age of Eruption Central incisors 6 – 8 months Lateral incisors 8 – 10 months First molars 12 – 16 months Canines 16 – 20 months Second molars 20 – 30 months

41 Permanent eruption Permanent teeth Average Age of Eruption
First molars 6 – 7 years Central incisors 6 – 8 years Lateral incisors 7 – 9 years Canines 9 – 12 years 1st and 2nd premolars 10 – 12 years Second molars 11 – 13 years Third molars 17 – 21 years

42

43 Age – Long bone development

44 Age – Skull development
29 bones in the skull with sutures/fissures Initial fusion few weeks postnatal Continues through age 21 – 35 yrs Mathematical formulas for using sutures to determine age

45

46 Height determination – Long bones
Rule of thumb – “Height roughly equals 5 times the length of the humerus.” Since it is only an estimate, always have height be a range Formulas 2.38 (femur length cm) = Stature +/- 3.27

47 Evidence of Trauma Manner of death
Accident Suicide Homicide Natural causes Undetermined causes Cause of death – medical reason for death Asphyxia Drowning Stabbing Gun shot wound Etc

48 Determine when Trauma took place
Antemortem – before death Perimortem – around the time of death Postmortem – after death occurred

49 Antemortem trauma Bone healing or bone remodeling – depends upon
Age/health of individual Nature/extent of injury Location of injury Bone healing has a distinctive look Bony callus Smooth edges Usually no clues as to death

50

51 Perimortem trauma Lesions have no sign of healing

52 Postmortem trauma Intentional dismemberment
Tool marks left on bone Unintentional dismemberment Animal tooth marks left on bone

53 Burned bone Short duration fires Cremation
Skeleton usually survives Cremation Very small fragments and ash Calcined bones Differences in prolonged fires with green bones and dry bones

54 Differences Green bone – fleshed bones Dry bone
Deep transverse fracture lines Warping Blackened tissue Dry bone Longitudinal fracture line Superficial cracking Little warping

55 Reconstructing Identity
Forensic Odontology Facial Reconstruction Nuclear or Genomic DNA Mitochondrial DNA

56 Forensic Odontology Antemortem and Postmortem dental charting and radiographs Missing,unerupted, or extracted teeth; supernumerary teeth Restorations and prostheses Decay

57

58 Identify the bones in the skeleton. One label will be used twice!
Cranium Mandible Cervical Vertebrae Directions: Identify the bones in the skeleton. One label will be used twice! Clavicle Sternum Scapula Humerus Ribs Ulna Lumbar Vertebrae Ilium Radius Carpals Ishium Metacarpals Carpals Metatarsals Cervical Vertebrae Patella Phalanges (2x) Clavicle Radius Cranium/Skull Ribs Femur Sacrum Fibula Scapula Humerus Sternum Ilium Tarsals Ischium Tibia Lumbar Vertebrae Ulna Mandible Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Sacrum Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

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