1. ‘Evaluate the usefulness’
The Treaty of Birgham:
‘Evaluate the usefulness’

2. The Treaty of Birgham: evaluate the usefulness
24/6/18
AIM – Learn how to apply what we know of the Treaty of Birgham and the events surrounding its agreement to evaluate the usefulness of a source.
SUCCESS CRITERIA –
Be able to evaluate the usefulness of a source, meeting the requirements set out for the new Higher History course.
Be able to apply what we’ve learned about the Treaty of Birgham and use it to answer a source evaluation question.
TASKS
1. Copy today’s aim and heading into your jotter.
2. Through class questioning, build up a brief mind-map of the main features of the Treaty of Birgham, noting it down as a quick recap guide in your jotter.
3. Go through today’s handout on how to apply what we know to answering a ‘evaluate the usefulness question’. Your teacher will lead you through it from the Smartboard. If you have access to highlighters, use them to annotate as we go through today’s content.
4. Attempt your own version of an ‘evaluate the usefulness’ question using your notes on the Treaty of Birgham.
HOMEWORK due Friday 31st August:
Complete the ‘evaluate the usefulness’ question on the Treaty of Birgham.

3. Oh no! I hope he doesn’t ask me – I don’t remember anything!
The Treaty of Birgham
What do we remember about the Treaty of Birgham and why it was written?
Make a (brief) mind map outlining what we know about the treaty.
It’s chill - we’ve got this!
Our next step today is to learn how we can put this to use.
BIRGHAM ?

4. Source analysis: ‘evaluate the usefulness of..?’
Source A is an excerpt from the Treaty of Birgham, written in July 1290.
Having considered the peace and tranquillity of both kingdoms and in doing so mutual friendship should continue between our peoples for all time, we have granted in the name of our lord (Edward I) that the rights and liberties and customs of Scotland shall be wholly preserved. We promise that the kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the kingdom of England by rightful boundaries and borders as has been observed up to now and that it shall be free and independent. We grant that no tenant-in-chief of the king of Scotland shall be forced to go outside the kingdom to do homage or fealty or to pay relief for his lands. No Parliament shall be held outwith the kingdom and borders of Scotland on matters concerning that kingdom or its borders or the position of those that live in the kingdom.
Q1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis. 8 marks

5. SOURCE EVALUATION QUESTION
‘Evaluate the usefulness of source…’
This will be worth 8 marks.
Up to 4 marks available for evaluation of provenance (author, date, type, purpose).
Up to 2 marks for evaluation of content.
Up to 3 marks for evaluation of relevant recall.

6. Specimen answer (8 marks)
Read the question, then the source.
Start your answer by using the words of the question, e.g. ‘Source A is useful as evidence how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis as…’
Write your answer as if you are researcher producing a written report for an historian who is investigating the issue.
You may follow the ‘ADTPIO’ code that you are familiar(ish!) with.
For each point you make however, to get a mark you MUST evaluate it, make a point and then explain your point.
Aim to take a new paragraph for each point that you make.
You have 20 minutes to read the source and write an answer to this question in the final exam.

7. Source analysis: ‘evaluate the usefulness of..?’
Source A is an excerpt from the Treaty of Birgham, written in July 1290.
Having considered the peace and tranquillity of both kingdoms and in doing so mutual friendship should continue between our peoples for all time, we have granted in the name of our lord (Edward I) that the rights and liberties and customs of Scotland shall be wholly preserved. We promise that the kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the kingdom of England by rightful boundaries and borders as has been observed up to now and that it shall be free and independent. We grant that no tenant-in-chief of the king of Scotland shall be forced to go outside the kingdom to do homage or fealty or to pay relief for his lands. No Parliament shall be held outwith the kingdom and borders of Scotland on matters concerning that kingdom or its borders or the position of those that live in the kingdom.
Q1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis. 8 marks
Task: highlight or underline TWO pieces of evidence in the source which relate to the question.

8. Source analysis: ‘evaluate the usefulness of..?’
Source A is an excerpt from the Treaty of Birgham, written in July 1290.
Having considered the peace and tranquillity of both kingdoms and in doing so mutual friendship should continue between our peoples for all time, we have granted in the name of our lord (Edward I) that the rights and liberties and customs of Scotland shall be wholly preserved. We promise that the kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the kingdom of England by rightful boundaries and borders as has been observed up to now and that it shall be free and independent. We grant that no tenant-in-chief of the king of Scotland shall be forced to go outside the kingdom to do homage or fealty or to pay relief for his lands. No Parliament shall be held outwith the kingdom and borders of Scotland on matters concerning that kingdom or its borders or the position of those that live in the kingdom.
Q1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis. 8 marks

9. Source analysis: ‘evaluate the usefulness of..?’
Source A is an excerpt from the Treaty of Birgham, written in July 1290.
Having considered the peace and tranquillity of both kingdoms and in doing so mutual friendship should continue between our peoples for all time, we have granted in the name of our lord (Edward I) that the rights and liberties and customs of Scotland shall be wholly preserved. We promise that the kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the kingdom of England by rightful boundaries and borders as has been observed up to now and that it shall be free and independent. We grant that no tenant-in-chief of the king of Scotland shall be forced to go outside the kingdom to do homage or fealty or to pay relief for his lands. No Parliament shall be held outwith the kingdom and borders of Scotland on matters concerning that kingdom or its borders or the position of those that live in the kingdom.
Q1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis. 8 marks

10. Source analysis: ‘evaluate the usefulness of..?’
Source A is an excerpt from the Treaty of Birgham, written in July 1290.
Having considered the peace and tranquillity of both kingdoms and in doing so mutual friendship should continue between our peoples for all time, we have granted in the name of our lord (Edward I) that the rights and liberties and customs of Scotland shall be wholly preserved. We promise that the kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the kingdom of England by rightful boundaries and borders as has been observed up to now and that it shall be free and independent. We grant that no tenant-in-chief of the king of Scotland shall be forced to go outside the kingdom to do homage or fealty or to pay relief for his lands. No Parliament shall be held outwith the kingdom and borders of Scotland on matters concerning that kingdom or its borders or the position of those that live in the kingdom.
Q1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis. 8 marks

11. Source analysis: ‘evaluate the usefulness of..?’
Source A is an excerpt from the Treaty of Birgham, written in July 1290.
Having considered the peace and tranquillity of both kingdoms and in doing so mutual friendship should continue between our peoples for all time, we have granted in the name of our lord (Edward I) that the rights and liberties and customs of Scotland shall be wholly preserved. We promise that the kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the kingdom of England by rightful boundaries and borders as has been observed up to now and that it shall be free and independent. We grant that no tenant-in-chief of the king of Scotland shall be forced to go outside the kingdom to do homage or fealty or to pay relief for his lands. No Parliament shall be held outwith the kingdom and borders of Scotland on matters concerning that kingdom or its borders or the position of those that live in the kingdom.
Q1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis. 8 marks

12. Source analysis: ‘evaluate the usefulness of..?’
Source A is an excerpt from the Treaty of Birgham, written in July 1290.
Having considered the peace and tranquillity of both kingdoms and in doing so mutual friendship should continue between our peoples for all time, we have granted in the name of our lord (Edward I) that the rights and liberties and customs of Scotland shall be wholly preserved. We promise that the kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the kingdom of England by rightful boundaries and borders as has been observed up to now and that it shall be free and independent. We grant that no tenant-in-chief of the king of Scotland shall be forced to go outside the kingdom to do homage or fealty or to pay relief for his lands. No Parliament shall be held outwith the kingdom and borders of Scotland on matters concerning that kingdom or its borders or the position of those that live in the kingdom.
Q1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis. 8 marks

13. Source analysis: ‘evaluate the usefulness of..?’
Source A is an excerpt from the Treaty of Birgham, written in July 1290.
Having considered the peace and tranquillity of both kingdoms and in doing so mutual friendship should continue between our peoples for all time, we have granted in the name of our lord (Edward I) that the rights and liberties and customs of Scotland shall be wholly preserved. We promise that the kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the kingdom of England by rightful boundaries and borders as has been observed up to now and that it shall be free and independent. We grant that no tenant-in-chief of the king of Scotland shall be forced to go outside the kingdom to do homage or fealty or to pay relief for his lands. No Parliament shall be held outwith the kingdom and borders of Scotland on matters concerning that kingdom or its borders or the position of those that live in the kingdom.
Q1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis. 8 marks
Task: Next, annotate the source to note the relevance of the author, date, and type…

14. Source analysis: ‘evaluate the usefulness of..?’
Author(s) – Guardians of Scotland and King Edward I’s ambassadors
Date – written whilst the Maid is in line to inherit the throne, the Guardians are running Scotland and there’s uncertainty over the succession.
Type – a treaty (a legal document written to set down laws)
Source A is an excerpt from the Treaty of Birgham, written in July 1290.
Having considered the peace and tranquillity of both kingdoms and in doing so mutual friendship should continue between our peoples for all time, we have granted in the name of our lord (Edward I) that the rights and liberties and customs of Scotland shall be wholly preserved. We promise that the kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the kingdom of England by rightful boundaries and borders as has been observed up to now and that it shall be free and independent. We grant that no tenant-in-chief of the king of Scotland shall be forced to go outside the kingdom to do homage or fealty or to pay relief for his lands. No Parliament shall be held outwith the kingdom and borders of Scotland on matters concerning that kingdom or its borders or the position of those that live in the kingdom.
Q1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis. 8 marks

15. Source analysis: ‘evaluate the usefulness of..?’
Source A is an excerpt from the Treaty of Birgham, written in July 1290.
Having considered the peace and tranquillity of both kingdoms and in doing so mutual friendship should continue between our peoples for all time, we have granted in the name of our lord (Edward I) that the rights and liberties and customs of Scotland shall be wholly preserved. We promise that the kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the kingdom of England by rightful boundaries and borders as has been observed up to now and that it shall be free and independent. We grant that no tenant-in-chief of the king of Scotland shall be forced to go outside the kingdom to do homage or fealty or to pay relief for his lands. No Parliament shall be held outwith the kingdom and borders of Scotland on matters concerning that kingdom or its borders or the position of those that live in the kingdom.
Q1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis. 8 marks
Task: Next, annotate the source with its purpose.

16. Purpose – written to put legal protection in place to safeguard the customs, laws and independence of Scotland.
Task: Now we can use our analysis of the source to make our evaluation of its usefulness and write up our answer…

17. Specimen answer
Source A is useful as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis as it was written by the Guardians of Scotland and the ambassadors of King Edward I. After the death of Alexander III, the Guardians were responsible for running Scotland – a document produced by them which was designed to put legal safeguards in place to protect the kingdom will therefore be useful as they were in charge of Scotland at this time and the responsibility for protecting it lay with them. (1st mark for origin – ‘author’) The source is also useful as it was written in July of 1290, at a time when the Maid of Norway was in line to succeed the throne but as yet too young to rule herself. This was during a time of uncertainty over who would inherit as Scotland's ruler and therefore it is useful for learning about how the kingdom was protected during the succession crisis. (2nd mark for origin – ‘date/timing’)
Key:
Evaluate point explanation of relevance/meaning

18. Specimen answer
Source A is useful as evidence about how the kingdom of Scotland was protected during the succession crisis as it is part of the Treaty of Birgham - a legal agreement between the rulers of England and Scotland. This is useful as it shows us the methods used by the Guardians to try and protect their kingdom’s independence in (3rd mark for origin – ‘type’) The source is also useful as it was written to put legal protection in place to safeguard the customs, laws and independence of Scotland. This is useful as it is evidence of the measures taken to protect Scotland’s ongoing independence during the succession crisis. (4th mark for origin – ‘purpose’)
Key:
Evaluate point explanation of relevance/meaning

19. Specimen answer
Source A is useful as evidence about how the kingdom of Scotland was protected during the succession crisis as it says “the rights and liberties and customs of Scotland shall be wholly preserved.” This shows that Guardians aimed to protect and maintain Scotland’s laws and keep them separate from England’s in the event of the Maid marrying Prince Edward of Caernarfon – for example, this meant that those committing crimes in Scotland would be tried under Scots law only. (5th mark for content – ‘information’) The source is also useful as it says “the kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the kingdom of England by rightful boundaries and borders.” This is important as it shows that the Guardians sought to protect Scotland by maintaining stability and preserving the border between England and Scotland which Alexander III had managed to settle during his reign. (6th mark for content – ‘information’)
Key:
Evaluate point explanation of relevance/meaning

20. Specimen answer
Source A is less useful as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland was protected during the succession crisis as it fails to tell us that it was agreed that the Church of Scotland was to remain free of interference or control by the Church of England. (7th mark for ‘omission’) The source is less useful as it fails to tell us that it was agreed that taxes raised in Scotland were only to be spent in Scotland to pay for Scottish needs. (6th mark for content – ‘omission’)
Key:
Evaluate point explanation of relevance/meaning

21. Now its your turn… Task: Homework:
Take a copy of the next ‘evaluate the usefulness...’ type question.
Use the notes you took from our lesson on the Treaties of Salisbury and Birgham, along with the mind map which we broke them down into earlier this lesson to provide the recall for your answer.
Attempt your answer following the pattern we’ve established in our specimen answer.
Homework:
Complete your answer for one week’s time (Friday 31st August).
TIP: the next source is written by a historian. When they appear as sources, they are ALWAYS to be considered useful, as they are experts writing with the benefit of hindsight. The sources are ALWAYS from specialist History books written without bias to inform their audience!

22. Source analysis: ‘evaluate the usefulness of..?’
Source B is from GWS Barrow’s book, Scotland’s Wars of Independence (1988).
The whole course of the negotiations which culminated in the marriage agreement, called the Treaty of Birgham, shows the guardians above all anxious to do nothing that might impair the “rights” or the integrity of Scotland. The Treaty of Birgham was the high-watermark of the achievements of the Guardians and the Community of the Realm. The treaty saw two kingdoms, England and Scotland ruled separately though in harmony by a king and queen. The Scottish kingdom was to remain, as the Scots had demanded, free and without subjugation. Elections to positions of authority in the Church of Scotland were to be free of external interference and tenants of the Scots Crown need do homage for their lands in Scotland only, and persons in Scotland who had been accused of a crime or sued at law should not have to answer to a court outside of their country.
Q2. Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of how the kingdom of Scotland’s rights were protected in the time of the succession crisis. 8 marks
Task: Following the guide laid out in your specimen template, complete an answer for the question above for next Friday (31st August).