1. China

2. Middle/Central Kingdom
Technologically advanced, complex educational system, literate, enormous population, political institutions absorb periphery
All others culturally/economically less developed nationalism
Even conquerors have to become Chinese to rule (Manchus)
Assumed Westerners (also inferior) could be dealt with the same way: failure collapse dynastic system

3. Humiliation and Self-Strengthening
Britain: trade imbalance w/China (tea, silk) cotton + opium exports 1839: Emperor attempts to enforce ban Opium War ( )
1st of “Unequal treaties”: cede Hong Kong, open trade, extraterritoriality, most-favored-nation status
Taiping Rebellion ( ): “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”—create legendary ancient state in which the peasantry owned and tilled the land in common; footbinding, judicial torture, slavery, etc. out; armies march to spread the word new Han military force (emperor Qing) 30 million killed
Weakening power reevaluate “Western learning” + graft Western tech onto Chinese institutions= “Self-Strengthening Movement” ( )
Didn’t adequately understand Western ideas + hampered by Neo-Confucianism= modernization fails
West rushes in; 1899 “Open Door Policy”

5. Sun Yat-Sen and the Republic
Three Principles of the People : "nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood."
Nationalism: overthrow Manchus + end foreign hegemony
Democracy, popularly elected republican form of government.
People's livelihood (socialism): help common people through regulation of the ownership of the means of production and land
Esp. popular overseas Chinese (Japan, US)
Guomindang (Kuomintang or KMT--the National People's Party; Nationalist Party)
1911: Revolution begins; disintegrates dictatorship warlordism

6. May Fourth Movement / New Culture Movement (1917-1923)
Student uprisings in 4 May 1919 (WWI sell-out to Japan) rekindle revolution
Advocating range from complete Westernization to communism
Mao Zedong becomes a Marxist
China split: Northern warlords, southern KMT
Soviets support Sun’s anti-Western imperialism; also backs rival Chinese Communist Party Comintern orders CCP work w/KMT
1925: Sun dies, replaced by Chiang Kai-shek turns on CCP after taking control of control
Mao : 1927 Autumn Harvest Uprising
: KMT consolidation

7. Mao and the Peasants Marx: peasants counter-revolutionary
Mao: only hope
Comintern backs urban uprisings fail Mao prestige
KMT attempting to wipe out CCP Long March, 1934: 100,000 travel 12,500 kilometers through 11 provinces, 18 mountain ranges, and 24 rivers
8,000 survive

8. Japan 1931: Manchuria Incident
1936: KMT + CCP united front against Japanese
Red Army known for guerilla warfare to defend peasants
Membership explodes: ,000  million
1937: Rape of Nanking

9. Japanese textbooks and Chinese protests (2005)

10. Civil War and People’s Republic of China
China major ally in WWII
End unequal treaties
During war US attempted balance, fear USSR back KMT in civil war ($, no men)
People’s Liberation Army wipes out KMT
1949: Chiang flees to Taiwan (Republic of China; wipes out natives: 228 Massacre); two Chinas
Oct : formal establishment PRC
1950: Korean War initial moderation becomes witch hunt for “enemies of the state” (esp. suspected US agents)
1951-2: Land Reform + “three anti” (bureaucrats) and “five anti” (bourgeoisie) purges
De-Nazification and De-Baathification

11. Government USSR + Imperial China structure
Bureaucratic admin., centralized control
“Mass Line”: “from the masses, to the masses”; peasants as revolutionary (contra Marx + Lenin); investigate conditions, listen to ideas, raise consciousness
“Democratic centralism”: members subordinate to org.; minority to majority; lower to higher; gov’t to Party; all to Central Committee
No private/indiv. interest, “people’s democratic dictatorship” no organized opposition (non-CCP parties controlled by CCP; “vanguard of the proletariat”); Party represents objective history (Marxism/Maoism)
“Harmony”: “harmonizing” (e.g. websites) = censorship

12. 1953-57: 1st Five-Year Plan (follow Soviet model): heavy industry and collectivization
Great Leap Forward ( ): failure Mao sidelined
Cultural Revolution ( ): Mao returns w/”Socialist Education Movement”, “learn from the PLA,” and the Red Brigades
1973: Deng Xiaoping returns to power; Four Modernizations announced
1976: Deng removed, radicals regain power; Mao dies moderates back in
1979: 4 Modernizations implemented economy begins to recover from Mao

13. Current Power Structure
Central Committee
Secretariat (General Secretary; Hu Jintao, 2002 Xi Jinping ‘13)
Politburo + Standing Committee (24 / 9)
Central Military Commission (chair: Xi ‘12; PLA 3rd “branch” of gov’t)
National People’s Congress [every 5 years; “one party two factions”: Shanghai clique (rich, urban) and populist coalition (rural, Communist Youth League); complementary, expertise, unity achieved through patronage]
President of the PRC (1982 Constitution; Xi ‘13)
State Council (top People’s Government; Premier: Wen Jiabao Li Keqiang ‘13)
Party “bound” by PRC Constitution, “rule by law”

14. Power = connections (Deng Xiaoping post-”resignation”); Party networks; jobs
BUT: ideology, desire to travel overseas
Young Pioneers Communist Youth League
Shut down in Cultural Revolution, replaced by Red Guards
Requires nomination existing member, testing/assessment + probation period
70+ million members (largest party in world)
Only 17% of members are women and 78% are over 35 years old, though efforts are under way to broaden its membership and attract more young people