1. Monarchy in England Main Idea Reading Focus
In contrast to the absolute monarchies of Spain and France, the English monarchy was limited by Parliament; following a civil war, Parliament became even more powerful.
Reading Focus
How did the Tudors work with Parliament?
What led the first two Stuart kings to clash with Parliament?
What were the causes and results of the English Civil War?
What happened when monarchy returned to England?

2. The Tudors and Parliament
Two prominent members of Tudor dynasty, Henry VIII and daughter Elizabeth I, ruled when absolutism common on European continent
In England, Parliament placed curbs on absolute monarchy
Both father, daughter had to learn to work with Parliament to fulfill goals
Henry and Elizabeth
Henry VIII created Protestant Church in England so he could divorce first wife
Had Parliament pass laws ending power of pope in England
In 1534 Act of Supremacy named king as head of Church of England
Henry and Parliament

3. Edward, Mary, Elizabeth Tension Short reign of son Edward
“Bloody” Mary I became queen and made England Catholic again
Elizabeth crowned queen and returned England to Anglican Church
Tension
Tension developed between Parliament, queen
Parliament pressured her to marry so she would have heir to throne
Elizabeth refused, knowing marriage would limit her freedom
Still managed to talk Parliament into approving funds she needed

4. Elizabeth in Charge
Major reason for Elizabeth’s good relationship with Parliament, her willingness to let members speak minds without fear of punishment
Close ties shown in fact that she called Parliament into session 10 times in 45-year reign
Elizabeth clearly in charge, but had difficulty keeping subjects from questioning her actions
Earl of Essex rebelled against authority
Asked publicly, “Cannot princes err? Cannot subjects receive wrong? Is an earthly power or authority infinite?”
Essex tried, executed as a traitor
Not the last to question Elizabeth’s authority

5. What did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I work with Parliament to do?
Recall
What did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I work with Parliament to do?
Answer(s): to pass laws to help the monarch achieve desired results

6. The Stuarts and Parliament
The Tudors’ success with Parliament not repeated
Relative of the Scotland Tudors succeeded Elizabeth
James I, first of Stuart dynasty to rule in England
View of absolute monarchy caused conflict with Parliament
Previous wars, own spending left him low on funds
James I
From Scotland, considered outsider
James rarely got all money he wanted from Parliament
Puritans wanted reform of Church of England
Clashes with Parliament
Seen as threat to James’s power; church leadership supported him
Refused to pass Puritans’ requests for reform
Did agree to publication of King James Bible
Puritan Reform

7. Charles I Defies Parliament
When James I died in 1625, his younger son was crowned king as Charles I.
Popular at first, but married Catholic princess
Parliament refused until Charles signed Petition of Right
Petition of Right a direct challenge to absolute monarchy
Issues of Money
Placed limits on king’s power
Could not levy taxes without Parliamentary approval
Parliament later refused to give Charles money again
He taxed English people on own, forced bankers to lend him money
Parliament was furious
Charles dismissed Parliament
1629, decided to rule without consulting Parliament again
Petition of Right

8. Why did the Stuarts have trouble with Parliament?
Find the Main Idea
Why did the Stuarts have trouble with Parliament?
Answer(s): Both wanted to rule as absolute monarchs.

9. War with Parliament Strategy Charles Tries Power Grab Civil War Begins
Charles’ moment came when radical Puritan group in Parliament moved to abolish appointment of bishops in Anglican Church
King, whose power connected to power of church, was outraged
Charles Tries Power Grab
Charles decided to arrest Puritan leaders for treason
Led troops into House of Commons, but men had already escaped
Charles had tipped hand on intentions to take back power
Civil War Begins
Some members of Parliament decided to rise up against king
1642, English Civil War began

10. Royalists and Roundheads
Without Parliament’s funding, king relied on contributions to pay army
Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles
Parliament could back its army by voting for funding
Parliament member Oliver Cromwell led Roundhead forces
1644, led victory in which 4,000 of king’s soldiers died
Roundhead Forces
Royalist army outmatched by Cromwell’s troops
1646, king surrendered
Cromwell dismissed members of Parliament who disagreed with him
Those left made up what was called the Rump Parliament
King Surrenders

11. Eventually Rump Parliament charged king with treason, put him on trial
Trial and Execution
Eventually Rump Parliament charged king with treason, put him on trial
In the end, Charles sentenced to death for treason
January 30, 1649, publicly beheaded in front of own palace

12. England under Cromwell
Commonwealth
Government based on common good of all people
England’s government changed completely for the next 11 years
Lord Protector
1653, Cromwell given title Lord Protector of England, Scotland, Ireland
Skilled leader, but demanded complete obedience
Clamped down on social life
The Restoration
Cromwell died and Parliament reconvened, voted to bring back monarchy
Charles II crowned King of England
Supported religious toleration for Catholics, but Parliament insisted on laws to strengthen the Church of England

13. Positive and Negative
Charles reopened theaters, flowering of English drama resulted
Habeas Corpus Act passed, guaranteeing someone accused of a crime had right to appear in court to determine if should be held, released
1665, bubonic plague returned; following year Great Fire of London
After fire, Charles supported public construction projects

14. James II Not Popular Political Parties
Later in Charles’s reign the question of who would succeed him remained. His brother James was next in line, but he was a Catholic.
Prince James married to Catholic princess, whose Catholic son would outrank James’ Protestant daughters from first marriage
1685, Charles died, James crowned king
Many wondered if another destructive war would follow
James not popular; believed in right to rule as absolute monarch
English did not tolerate that belief
Not Popular
Supporters of James II to become king were called Tories.
Believed in a hereditary monarchy.
Non supporters of James were called Whigs.
Supporters of the Exclusion Bill – to keep James from becoming king after Charles II
Political Parties

15. Glorious Revolution
1688, group of nobles invited James’s daughter Mary, husband William to become king, queen
William and Mary both Protestants, lived in Netherlands
James fled to France
Parliament gave throne to William III, Mary II as joint rulers; transfer became known as the Glorious Revolution

16. Constitutional Monarchy
Changes in Government
With Glorious Revolution, Parliament had essentially crowned new king, queen
William and Mary had to sign the English Bill of Rights before taking the throne
Document prevented monarch from levying taxes without consent of Parliament, among other provisions
U.S. Bill of Rights based on this document
Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights central to England’s growth as a Constitutional Monarchy which means monarchy limited by law
Document’s approval came after decades of dramatic changes in English government
England had rejected concept of absolute monarch who ruled by divine right, for monarchy ruled by law
Constitutional Monarchy

17. What happened during the Glorious Revolution?
Describe
What happened during the Glorious Revolution?
Answer(s): William and Mary were given the English throne by Parliament.