1. By applying the principles of modern genetics.
How are new genetic characteristics introduced into an organism/population?
By applying the principles of modern genetics.

2. Biotechnology
Utilizes biological processes, organisms, cells or cellular components to develop new technologies
New tools and products developed by biotechnologists are useful in
Research
Agriculture
Industry
Medicine

3. Genetic Engineering Possible because we share the same Genetic Code (A, T, C, G)
Deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material
Add one or more new traits that are not originally in an organism
Taking specific genes from one organism and placing them into another organism
GMO: Genetically Modified Organisms – generated through genetic engineering

4. Examples of Genetically Engineered Organisms/Products
Human insulin – produced by genetically modified bacteria
Plants resistant to some insects
Plants that can tolerate herbicides (which kill weeds)

6. Techniques used to manipulate DNA
Restriction enzymes
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA Fingerprinting
Bacterial Plasmids

7. Restriction enzymes
Enzymes used to cut DNA at precise locations- at a particular and specific nucleotide sequence
DNA (very long molecule) must be cut into smaller pieces to study and work with it

8. Gel Electrophoresis
Used to separate segments of DNA according to length
After DNA is cut (with restriction enzyme), pieces are separated
Solution of cut-up DNA is placed in a gel slab
DNA (negatively charged), segments are pulled to the Positive end of gel slab
Dye is used to see the DNA
Small pieces move through the gel faster than large pieces
The different length segments of DNA appear as bands or lines on the gel
Scientists can use the pattern of bands to identify the location of a gene or used in DNA Fingerprinting

9. Golden Rice

10. DNA Fingerprinting
Genome – complete genetic material contained within an individual organism(DNA sequence)
Except for IDENTICAL TWINS, every person’s genome is unique.
DNA Fingerprint- the specific patterns of bands produced by Gel Electrophoresis
Used for Forensic Evidence & Family Relationships

11. DNA Fingerprinting

14. Bacterial Plasmids- Ex: Used to make HUMAN INSULIN
Used to create recombinant DNA
Bacterial Plasmids – tiny ring of DNA carried in the cytoplasm of bacteria
Restriction enzyme cuts desired gene from a strand of “foreign” DNA (from a different organism that the bacteria from which the plasmid was taken)
Circular Bacterial Plasmid is cut with the same Restriction Enzyme
Piece of “foreign” DNA with the desired gene, is attached to the open ends of the plasmid DNA
Plasmid and foreign DNA are bonded together for for RECOMBINANT DNA
Plasmid can be reintroduced into bacterial cells
Bacteria multiplies very quickly
Thus, producing large amounts of the material/protein, etc. desired at low cost

17. Genetic Engineering Gene map Genome Human Genome Project
Process of replacing specific genes in an organism in order to ensure that the organism expresses a desired trait.
Gene map
Shows the relative location of each known gene on a chromosome
Genome
All the genetic material in an organism
Human Genome Project
Mapping the DNA sequence of human genes

18. Cloning An identical copy of a gene or entire organism is produced
May occur naturally or engineered.
Pros:
Organ transplants
Saving endangered species
Cons:
May result in genetic disorders/ health problems

21. Gene therapy
Scientist inserts a normal gene into an absent/abnormal gene
Normal gene produces correct protein/enzyme
Pros
Eliminates the cause of the disorder
Cons
Can result in rejection of the injected genetic material

22. Stem cells Selective Breeding Inbreeding Undifferentiated cells
Cells can become any cell
Stem Cell Therapy Pros
Replace cells/tissue
Selective Breeding
Method of artificially selecting and breeding only organisms with a desired trait to produce the next generation
Inbreeding
Crossing individuals who are closely related.

23. Hybridization
Choosing and breeding organisms that show strong expression for two different traits in order to produce offspring that express both traits.

24. Genetic Engineering Replacing specific genes
Taking a gene from one organism and placing them into another
Ensure a desired trait
Must know exact location of the specific genes
Result: Transgenic Organisms
GMO: Genetically Modified Organisms

25. Uses Plants Animals Bacteria (Recombinant DNA) Health benefits
manufacture natural pesticides
Higher nutrient composition (proteins, vitamins)
Animals
Larger
faster growing
disease resistant
Bacteria (Recombinant DNA)
Production of hormones (HGH)
Production of Insulin, Factor VIII, TPA
Health benefits
Treatments/Cures for diseases/disorders

27. Selective Breeding
Artificially selecting and breeding organisms with desired traits.
Inbreeding
Pros vs. Cons
Generations later: desired trait gene more prevalent
Examples:
Most of our domestic animals
Most of crops

28. evolution.berkeley.edu

30. Selective Breeding Hybridization
Choosing and breeding of organisms for two different desired traits.
Offspring will possess both desired traits.
Often between similar but different species.
Offspring often hardier than parents.