1. Do Now
Describe the 3 forms of encoding

2. Unit 7A : Cognition - Memory
Intro & Info Processing – Part 1 Encoding

3. Introduction Memory Memory Extremes
Continuing to learning over time by storing and retrieving information
Memory Extremes
research on memory extremes has helped us understand how memory works
Extremes would be amnesia or photographic memory

4. Memory System Encoding Storage Retrieval
The process of how we form, retain and get info out

5. Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model
Older understanding of the stages of memory
Sensory memory
Immediate & brief
Info taken in by the senses
EX: taking in the faces in the crowd
Short-term memory
Things remembered briefs
Forgotten shortly after
EX: a phone number you say over and over until you dial it
Long-term memory
Permanente memories
Knowledge, skills, experiences
EX: how to ride a bike

6. Updated Understanding
Connectionism
Modern info-processing model of memory
Memories are from interconnected neural networks
Modified version of 3- stage
Sensory  taking in incoming info
Short term encode through rehearsal
Long term  store for later retrieval and use
Some info can go directly to long term
Inclusion of working memory
Active processing

7. Modified 3-Stage Processing Model of Memory

8. Encoding – How we encode
How we get info in
Automatic processing
Effortful processing

9. Automatic Processing Automatic processing Parallel processing
Things begin processed without conscious effort
Space, time, frequency, well learned info
EX: Knowing the way in which you walked to the store
Parallel processing
Doing many things at once
Multi-tasking without effort

10. Effortful Processing Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires conscious effort
EX: Vocab definitions
Achieved through rehearsal
Conscious repetition

11. Some information such as where you ate dinner yesterday you process automatically. Other information such as this unit’s concepts requires effort to encode and remember

12. Getting Info In Overlearning Spacing effect Testing effect
after we learn material, additional rehearsal (overlearning) increases retention
Spacing effect
we retain better when rehearsal is distributed over time
Cramming helps short term but spacing helps better long term
Mass practice vs. distributed practice
EX: studying for test over 4 days instead of just he day before
Testing effect
Repeated quizzing of already learned material
Serial Position effect
Remembering the first and last things best
Recency vs. primacy
EX: remembering first food on grocery list or last thing you wrote on it

13. What we encode Levels of Processing Self-reference effect
Visual encoding
Pictures, images
Acoustic encoding
Sounds, sounds of words
Sematic encoding
Meaning, meaning of words
Self-reference effect
Good recall for info we can meaningfully relate to ourselves

14. Types of Encoding

15. Visual Encoding Mental pictures aid in remembering Imagery Mnemonics
Mental pics
Aids in effortful processing
Imagery + semantic encoding = good
Rosy retrospection
Recalling high points while forgetting the bad
Mnemonics
Memory aids
Use vivid imagery
Can have visual and acoustic encoding
EX: PEMDAS for order of operations

16. Organizing Info Chunking Hierarchies Acronym Can be a mnemonic device
EX: WPA = Works Project Administration
Hierarchies
Dividing concepts into smaller more manageable parts

17. Today Questions Introduce Memory Brochure
Samples along side board
Individual
Due : Fri 11/17 at the end of class
Begin Working on HW or Project
HW = #s 4-6 (Info Processing – Part 2 Storage)