1. ESPA Science symposium
Beyond landings: how fisheries contribute to the lives of the poor?
Tim Daw, Stockholm Resilience Centre,
Beatrice Crona, Tomas Chaigneau, William Cheung, Christopher Cheupe, Sarah Coulthard, Christina Hicks, Fraser Januchowski-Hartley, Vera Julien, Tim McClanahan, Johnstone Omukoto, Bjorn Schulte-Herbruggen, Matilda Thyresson, Colette Wabnitz, Xueying Yin
ESPA Science symposium
Nairobi, 17-18th November 2016

2. Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
Wellbeing
Fisheries
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks

3. How have fisheries been understood
Dominant disciplines perceive fisheries in terms of:
Ecological impact (marine conservation)
Landings (fisheries science)
Profits (fisheries economics)
Some less well examined areas:
Access and who benefits (political ecology)
How it contributes to people’s multidimensional wellbeing
An ESPA lens on fisheries – understanding how fisheries convert aquatic natural capital into wellbeing…

4. Importance of fisheries for multidimensional wellbeing…
Domains of wellbeing
Importance of fisheries for multidimensional wellbeing…
% of maximum importance score across 16 focus groups (all sites and gender)
Goods & services

5. Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Needs, gaps & aspirations
The SPACES conceptual framework – how are ecosystems actually contributing?…
How it makes people’s lives better
State of
Ecosystems
What is produced by nature
What people get from nature
What it’s worth
Who benefits
Share
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
Fish production
Fish landings
Values
So the spaces project we are trying to understand the connection between ecosystems and wellbeing, and what are the factors that affect this relationship.
Wellbeing
Ecol. Dynamics
Human inputs
Valorisation
Access
Needs, gaps & aspirations

6. Sites Peri urban to remote rural More or less developed fisheries
Variation in types and extents of habitats

7. Broad patterns of stocks, catches, market connection, livelihoods and fish consumption
Fishery characteristics
Social characteristics
Market

8. Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Needs, gaps & aspirations
State of
Ecosystems
What is produced by nature
What people get from nature
Share
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
Fish production
Fish landings
Values
So the spaces project we are trying to understand the connection between ecosystems and wellbeing, and what are the factors that affect this relationship.
Wellbeing
Ecol. Dynamics
Human inputs
Valorisation
Access
Needs, gaps & aspirations

9. Ecological Modeling Participatory system mapping Kenyan Case study
Daw et al 2015 PNAS, Omukoto et al In prep, ESPA P-mowtick project framework grant

10. Size of bubble indicates effort
Ecopath modelling of Stocks, flows, human inputs and goods in the Mombasa fishery…
Often assumed that more fish (in the sea) =more fish (in the catch). But theory and our model suggests almost the opposite (mediated by fishing pressure and an ecological shift towards weedy species and a behavioural shift by fishers to seagrassy areas.).
Different responses are related to scenarios of effort changes by different gears…

11. Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Needs, gaps & aspirations
What people get from nature
What it’s worth
Share
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
Fish production
Fish landings
Values
So the spaces project we are trying to understand the connection between ecosystems and wellbeing, and what are the factors that affect this relationship.
Wellbeing
Ecol. Dynamics
Human inputs
Valorisation
Access
Needs, gaps & aspirations

12. Valorisation Valorisation affecting income
Prices of fish vary by linkages to major markets
Resulting in highest earnings by fishers in most degraded sites (Pemba, Mombasa)
Cultural context affecting the value of octopus fishing for respect
“ The tentacles can kill so this person needs to be courageous”. “You must be really brave because only the men do it”.
Q: Do you catch it with spears or what? A: Just my hands, I don’t use anything? Q: Is it not risky? A: No, it’s risky when the octopus is in the hole. But when they come out, it’s not a bad thing, as if it just sticks to you, you can take it off without a lot of suffering.

13. Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Needs, gaps & aspirations
How it makes people’s lives better
State of
Ecosystems
What is produced by nature
What people get from nature
What it’s worth
Who benefits
Share
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
So the spaces project we are trying to understand the connection between ecosystems and wellbeing, and what are the factors that affect this relationship.
Fish production
Fish landings
Values
Wellbeing
Ecol. Dynamics
Human inputs
Valorisation
Access
Needs, gaps & aspirations

14. Access and share – Fish as food, role of site and occupation
From Vivika Makela UG thesis (2016)
Accounting for site differences, fishing households and fish-trading households more likely to have consumed fish

15. Mixed Reef Fish Value Chain:
Independent fishers
Employed fishers
Auction
Employ-ed fisher surplus
Large-scale traders
Fish shops in Mombasa
small-scale male traders
Small-scale female traders
These are naturally somewhat diverse within their segment but have more commonalities within their group and as such were lumped for sake of analysis
Fishers:
Independent>> sell fish directly to customers at landing site, at auction
Employed >> sell directly to predetermined traders
Sm scale traders (female): aka Mama Karangas
Buy directly from fishers or sm scale traders (not auctions, have male trader buy for them and then buy from them smaller amounts as prices and vol in auction too high to bid)
fish fryers selling fried fish to consumer in nearby residential areas
Some processing (scaling, gutting, washing, salting, frying)
Individual Mama Karanga buy fish less than 20 kg/day
Buy all small, or undersized fish, as well as big (cut into pieces)
Sm scale traders (male): aka Wachuuzi
buy fish from fishermen at the landing site, depending on site some buy from large scale fish traders, auctions, or surplus from employed fishers
sell fish to fish shops, nearby residents (hawking), hotels and local restaurants
In urban site common for to buy > 20kg/day and several, some of which is sold in fish shops, or on to MK, in rurak site generally < 20kg/day
Often have access to simple transport (bike, motorbike) but some use taxis or public transport (like MK)
Sell raw fish – often no gutting which reduces the weight (and profit)
Large scale traders: aka Tajiris
Buy fish from auctions but most own boats and gears and employ fishers or have pre-set arrangements (vertically integrated)
BC they own the boat their buying prices is less
Own transport (pick-ups)
Sell to urban markets, or through their own fish shops locally or in urban centers (Mombasa)
Mixed Reef Fish Value Chain:
Vanga
Consumers

16. Access and share – Income from fish trade in two kenyan sites
Fishers
Fishers
Very interesting
Just looking at total avg net income suggests tajiris take home the most, but when standardized net income/kg fish then tajiris do not earn much more/kg fish than the other trader types, and certainly less than many of the fishers (such as traps and spearguns). It is obviously linked to the costs (see next slide), but they still earn net more as they are fewer and trade larger volumes
Would be interesting to see what spp the trader categories focus on (if there is a pattern) – but this needs coding of fish spp (so has to wait until June intern)
Mama karangas in Kongowea have basically no net income in Kusi –because of respondents who report high values of fish bought…(i.e. several with negative net income)
Kongowea
Urban
Vanga
Rural
Kaskasi
(calm season)
Fishers 81% 9%
Traders
10%
Fishers 71%
Traders, large
Traders, sm
18% 16

17. Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Needs, gaps & aspirations
How it makes people’s lives better
State of
Ecosystems
What is produced by nature
What people get from nature
What it’s worth
Who benefits
Share
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
Fish production
Fish landings
Value
Wellbeing
Ecol. Dynamics
Human inputs
Valorisation
Access
Needs, gaps & aspirations

18. Poverty indicators (based on household assets) Kongowea Vanga % H M L
Who of these value chain actors are poor? (in terms of household assets)
Poverty indicators (based on household assets)
Kongowea
Vanga % H M L
Fishers 23 61 16 13 50 37
Traders
Sm scale (F) 4 53 43 24 72
Sm scale (M) 44 56 36 64
Large scale (M) *
100
So are MR value chains in Ken pro-poor?
Rural poorer than urban, particularly small-scale trader (male &female) (but also fishers)
Women traders under-represented in high assets category
Large traders all fall in the high assets category

19. How does fish actually affect these domains of wellbeing?
Goods & services
How does fish actually affect these domains of wellbeing?

20. Income is important but….
Central role of income…
“we are proud that we do not go out to source for funds. Money comes here to us. When I am hungry, I just rush to the ocean , get 2kg of fish and come back. The fish traders are here for the fish. So you do not have to hustle to look for money, it just follows us here.” fishermen Kibuyubi near shimoni
Income is important but….

21. Relationship between fishery income and poverty
People who are ‘poor’ according to
Assets
Satisfaction
Basic needs
….are more env dependent
But the income poor are LESS environmentally dependent….
Schulte Herbruggen et al (in prep)

22. Conclusions
The ecological relationship between stock and flow presents challenges and tradeoffs
Fisheries provide different benefits for multidimensional wellbeing
Income is important and tied with other benefits but not the only value
The value of each benefit, who can access it and it meets people’s needs and aspirations affected by social and ecological context, and governance.
Recovering stocks, increasing landings, value-addition, all individually worthwhile, can’t realise the best contribution of fisheries to the poor