1. FEM4100 BRAIN & HUMAN BEHAVIOR
DR. ZANARIAH ISMAIL

2. DR. ZANARIAH ISMAIL Off No: 0389467086 H/p No: 0122099701
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3. 3. Neural lmpulse Conduction
TAJUK
AKTIVITI
TARIKH
Introduction
(PJJ notes)
Test & Final
Project: will be uploaded
wk 1-3
2. Brain Anatomy
(Lecture notes)
3. Neural lmpulse Conduction
(PJJ notes: pg 45-50, Neurotransmitters pg 67-69)
Test wk 5
4. Brain Development
Final
5. Perception: sensation, perception, visual pathways, auditory pathways
Quiz-:
wk 8-12
(26/ )

4. 7. Circadian Rhythm, Sleep and Mobility. (PJJ notes: pg 155)
TAJUK
AKTIVITI
TARIKH
6. Sensorimotor System
(PJJ notes: pg 137)
Final
Project:
Due- wk 10-12
(16/11-4/12)
7. Circadian Rhythm, Sleep and Mobility.
(PJJ notes: pg 155)
8. Language Cognition & Intelligence
(PJJ notes: pg177)
9. Memory Storage and Information processing
(PJJ notes: pg 205)
10. Brain damage & recovery /Psychological Disorders
(PJJ notes: pg 299)

5. Topic 1: INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN & HUMAN BEHAVIOR

6. TOPIC 2: ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
Neuroanatomy: the structure of the nervous system. To learn how the nervous system functions, you must learn how the nervous system is put together.
The nervous system can be divided into several connected systems that function together. Let's start with a simple division:
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
Let's break the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system into more parts.

7. Central Nervous System
The central nervous system is divided into two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. The average adult human brain weighs 1.3 to 1.4 kg (approximately 3 pounds). The brain contains about 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) and trillions of "support cells" called glia. The spinal cord is about 43 cm long in adult women and 45 cm long in adult men and weighs about grams. The vertebral column, the collection of bones (back bone) that houses the spinal cord, is about 70 cm long. Therefore, the spinal cord is much shorter than the vertebral column.

8. Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system is divided into two major parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
Somatic Nervous System
The somatic nervous system consists of peripheral nerve fibers that send sensory information to the central nervous system AND motor nerve fibers that project to skeletal muscle.
The picture on the left shows the somatic motor system. The cell body is located in either the brain or spinal cord and projects directly to a skeletal muscle.

9. Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system is divided into three parts: the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls smooth muscle of the viscera (internal organs) and glands.
This picture shows the general organization of the autonomic nervous system. The preganglionic neuron is located in either the brain or the spinal cord. This preganglionic neuron projects to an autonomic ganglion. The postganglionic neuron then projects to the target organ. Notice that the somatic nervous system has only one neuron between the central nervous system and the target organ while the autonomic nervous system uses two neurons.

10. The enteric nervous system is a third division of the autonomic nervous system that you do not hear much about. The enteric nervous system is a meshwork of nerve fibers that innervate the viscera (gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, gall bladder).
The following table shows how the nervous system can be divided. The bottom row of the table contains the names of specific areas within the brain.

12. From a top view, notice how the brain is divided into two halves, called hemispheres. Each hemisphere communicates with the other through the corpus callosum, a bundle of nerve fibers. (Another smaller fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres is called the anterior commissure).
Some differences between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS):
1. In the CNS, collections of neurons are called nuclei. In the PNS, collections of neurons are called ganglia.
2. In the CNS, collections of axons are called tracts. In the PNS, collections of axons are called nerves.

14. In the peripheral nervous system, neurons can be functionally divided in three ways:
1. Sensory (afferent) - carry information INTO the central nervous system from sense organs or motor (efferent) - carry information away from the central nervous system (for muscle control).
2. Cranial - connects the brain with the periphery or spinal - connects the spinal cord with the periphery.
3. Somatic - connects the skin or muscle with the central nervous system or visceral - connects the internal organs with the central nervous system.

15. CEREBRAL CORTEX
Functions: Thought; Voluntary movement; Language; Reasoning; Perception
The word "cortex" comes from the Latin word for "bark" (of a tree). This is because the cortex is a sheet of tissue that makes up the outer layer of the brain. The thickness of the cerebral cortex varies from 2 to 6 mm. The right and left sides of the cerebral cortex are connected by a thick band of nerve fibers called the "corpus callosum." In higher mammals such as humans, the cerebral cortex looks like it has many bumps and grooves. A bump or bulge on the cortex is called a gyrus (the plural of the word gyrus is "gyri") and a groove is called a sulcus (the plural of the word sulcus is "sulci"). Lower mammals, such as rats and mice, have very few gyri and sulci.

16. CEREBELLUM Functions: Movement Balance Posture
The word "cerebellum" is derived from the Latin word for "little brain." Located behind the brain stem, the cerebellum is similar to the cerebral cortex because it has hemispheres and a cortex that surrounds the hemispheres.

17. BRAIN STEM Functions: Breathing; Heart Rate; Blood Pressure
The brain stem refers to the area of the brain between the thalamus and spinal cord. Structures of the brain stem include the pons, medulla oblongta, tectum, reticular formation and tegmentum. The brain stem is important for maintaining basic life functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

18. HYPOTHALAMUS
Functions: Body Temperature; Emotions; Hunger; Thirst; Circadian Rhythms
The hypothalamus is composed of several different areas and is located at the base of the brain. The hypothalamus is only 1/300 of the total brain weight. One function of the hypothalamus is the control of body temperature. The hypothalamus detects changes in body temperature and sends commands to adjust the temperature. For example, the hypothalamus can detect fever and respond by sending a command to expand capillaries in the skin. The expansion of the capillaries cools the blood and results in a drop in body temperature. The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary.

19. THALAMUS Functions: Sensory processing; Movement
The thalamus receives sensory information from other areas of the nervous system and sends this information to the cerebral cortex. The thalamus is also important for processing information related to movement.

20. LIMBIC SYSTEM Functions: Emotions; Memory
The limbic system (or the limbic areas) is a group of structures that includes the amygdala, the hippocampus, mammillary bodies and cingulate gyrus. These areas are important for controlling the emotional response to a given situation. The hippocampus is also important for memory.

21. HIPPOCAMPUS Functions: Learning; Memory
The hippocampus is one part of the limbic system that is important for memory and learning.

22. BASAL GANGLIA Functions: Movement
The basal ganglia are a group of structures, including the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, putamen and substantia nigra, that are important in coordinating movement.

23. MIDBRAIN Functions: Vision; Audition; Eye Movement; Body Movement
The midbrain includes structures such as the superior and inferior colliculi and red nucleus. There are several other areas also in the midbrain.
Now that you have read about the areas of the brain, take a look at where these areas are located:

25. TOPIC 3: NEURAL IMPULSE CONDUCTION

26. TOPIC 4: BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

27. TOPIC 5: PERCEPTION: MECHANISM, AWARENESS & ATTENTION

28. TOPIC 6: THE SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEM

29. TOPIC 7: CIRCADIAN RYTHMS, SLEEP & DREAMS

30. TOPIC 8: LANGUAGE, COGNITION & INTELLIGENCE

31. TOPIC 9: MEMORY STORAGE & INFORMATION PROCESSING

32. TOPIC 10: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS