1. PIG Excretion

2. What are the cells lining the Proximal convoluted tubule called? (1)

3. What is are the cells lining the Proximal convoluted tubule called?
Epithelial cells

4. How are substances reabsorbed in the Proximal convoluted tubule? (5)

5. How are substances reabsorbed in the Proximal convoluted tubule?
Selective reabsorption
Of glucose and amino acids
By co-transporter proteins
Microvilli provide a large surface area for uptake
Water moves out by osmosis

6. How is pressure maintained in the glomerulus? (2)

7. How is pressure maintained in the glomerulus?
Afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole leading to
High hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus

8. Why would happen if someone ate loads of protein in their diet? (4)

9. Why would happen if someone ate loads of protein in their diet?
More urea produced
More protein broken into amino acids
Increased deamination
More ammonia formed
More ammonia converted to urea
Called the ornithine cycle (ornithine is a name for one of the products and a catalyst that helps in this process)

10. Why do you need anti-coagulant in dialysis? (2)

11. Why do you need anti-coagulant in dialysis?
So that clots don’t form
While blood is in the machine

12. Why is no anti-coagulant added to the blood at the end of dialysis? (1)

13. Why is no anti-coagulant added to the blood at the end of dialysis?
So blood can clot normally after treatment

14. How do molecules and ions move from the blood into the dialysis fluid

15. How do molecules and ions move from the blood into the dialysis fluid?
diffusion

16. Why does the blood flow in the opposite direction of the dialysis fluid in the machine? (2)

17. Why does the blood flow in the opposite direction of the dialysis fluid in the machine?
Maintain a diffusion gradient
Allowing maximum removal of waste

18. Describe the barrier between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule? (3)

19. Describe the barrier between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule?
Endothelium: narrow gaps for plasma to pass through
Basement membrane: collagen fibre and glycoprotein mesh
Podocytes: epithelial cells with major processes (finger like projections) and gaps o fluid can pass through

20. What is filtered out of the blood? (5)

21. What is filtered out of the blood?
Water
Amino acids
Glucose
Urea
Inorganic ions

22. How is the permeability of the collecting duct controlled? (5)

23. How is the permeability of the collecting duct controlled?
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus lose water by osmosis
They shrink and release ADH
ADH binds to receptors in cells of collecting duct
Aquaporins fuse with cell membrane
More water is reabsorbed

24. What is the name for the process where fluid passes from the glomerulus into the renal tubule? (1)

25. What is the name for the process where fluid passes from the glomerulus into the renal tubule?
ultrafiltration

26. What is the product of glycolysis? (1)

27. What is the product of glycolysis
pyruvate

28. Name 2 co-enzymes involved in respiration (2)

29. Name 2 co-enzymes involved in respiration
NAD and FAD

30. What are the 4 stages of respiration? (4)

31. What are the 4 stages of respiration?
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

32. Where do the 4 stages of respiration take place? (4)

33. Where do the 4 stages of respiration take place?
Glycolysis- cytoplasm
Link reaction- mitochondrial matrix
Krebs cycle- mitochondrial matrix
Electron transport chain- across inner mitochondrial membrane