1. Voice

2. Voice
Sonorants are normally voiced
Nasals, approximants, vowels 2

3. Voice Sonorants are normally voiced Nasals, approximants, vowels
Sometimes they are voiceless
We say the most common state of affairs is ‘unmarked’
Voiced sonorants are unmarked
Voiceless sonorants are marked (uncommon) 3

4. Voice Obstruents can be voiced or voiceless
Stops, fricatives, affricates 4

5. Voice Obstruents can be voiced or voiceless
Stops, fricatives, affricates
Some languages have only /p, t, k/
No languages have /b, d, g/ without /p, t, k/ so voiceless obstruents are unmarked 5

6. Voice in English stops Word-initial stops
Difference between /b, d, g/ and /p, t, k/ is twofold
Voicing
VOT
[phat] ‘pot’
[bat] ‘bought’ 6

7. Voice in English stops Word-initial stops
Difference between /b, d, g/ and /p, t, k/ is twofold
Voicing
VOT
[phat] ‘pot’
[bat] ‘bought’
VOT differences are more important than voice 7

8. Voice in English stops
If [phat] ‘pot’ and [bat] ‘bought’ are pronounced
[phat] ‘pot’
[pat] ‘bought
People still perceive the difference is [b] vs. [p] 8

9. Voice in English stops
If [phat] ‘pot’ and [bat] ‘bought’ are pronounced
[phat] ‘pot’
[pat] ‘bought
People still perceive the difference is [b] vs. [p]
So voicing isn’t crucial 9

10. Voice in Spanish stops Spanish doesn’t have aspirated stops
[b]alencia ‘Valencia’
[p]alencia ‘Palencia’
Difference is voicing 10

11. Voice in Spanish stops Spanish doesn’t have aspirated stops
[b]alencia ‘Valencia’
[p]alencia ‘Palencia’
Difference is voicing
English speakers hear no difference, because they expect VOT differences 11

12. Voice in English stops Word-finally voiced stops often devoice
[bæ:d] > [bæ:t]
What distinguishes ‘bad’ from ‘bat’ is the vowel length
[bæ:d] ‘bad
[bæt] ‘bat’ 12

13. Voice in English stops Word-finally voiced stops often devoice
[bæ:d] > [bæ:t]
What distinguishes ‘bad’ from ‘bat’ is the vowel length
[bæ:d] ‘bad
[bæt] ‘bat’
Once again, voicing isn’t crucial in English 13

14. Voice in English stops Unaspirated /p, t, k/ appear after /s/
s[p]it, s[k]it, s[t]ick
If you voice them
s[b]it, s[g]it, s[d]ick
No one perceived them differently 14

15. Voice in English stops Unaspirated /p, t, k/ appear after /s/
s[p]it, s[k]it, s[t]ick
If you voice them
s[b]it, s[g]it, s[d]ick
No one perceived them differently
The important difference is not voicing but aspiration 15

16. Binary features
Some linguistic schools assumed sounds made of binary features
“There must be opposition in all things . . .”
One feature is [voice(d)] 16

17. Binary features
This school used features in mathematical-like equations 17

18. Binary features
To state the fact that sonorants tend to be voiced and obstruents voiceless they expressed it this way 18

19. Voicing assimilation Adjacent sounds often become similar
C[-voice]C[+voice] > C[+voice]C[+voice]
Spanish /mismo/ > [mizmo] 19

20. CV phonology
Theory that assumes phones are linked to all of their features and to a CV skeleton
[z] is linked to C and to [voice] and to other features also C |
[z]
[voice] 20

21. CV phonology
Assimilation of voice is spread of [voice] to adjacent sound
[tampa] > [tamba] 21

22. Contrastive or complementary
If two phones appear in different context they are . . . 22

23. Contrastive or complementary
If two phones appear in different context they are . . .
Allophones of the same phoneme
Complementary distribution 23

24. Contrastive or complementary
If two phones appear in different context they are . . .
Allophones of the same phoneme
Complementary distribution
If two phones appear in the same context they are . . . 24

25. Contrastive or complementary
If two phones appear in different context they are . . .
Allophones of the same phoneme
Complementary distribution
If two phones appear in the same context they are . . .
Allophones of different phonemes
Contrastive distribution 25

26. Contrastive or complementary
Is voicing contrastive in the fricatives and affricates of this language?
Do a Y diagram for s, z, ʧ, ʤ, ɸ, β 26

27. 27

28. Contrastive or complementary
Do s, z appear in same or different context? 28

29. Contrastive or complementary
Do s, z appear in same or different context?
Do ʧ, ʤ appear in same or different context? 29

30. Contrastive or complementary
Do s, z appear in same or different context?
Do ʧ, ʤ appear in same or different context? 30

31. Contrastive or complementary
Do s, z appear in same or different context?
Do ʧ, ʤ appear in same or different context?
Do ɸ, β apper in same of different context? 31

32. Two ways to determine phonemic status of phone
Minimal pair
Distribution 32

33. Galician [tɾes meses] ~ [tɾez meses] ‘3 months’
[deɵ meses] ~ [deð meses] ‘10 months’
What is the process that sometimes applies? 33

34. Galician [tɾes meses] ~ [tɾez meses] ‘3 months’
[deɵ meses] ~ [deð meses] ‘10 months’
What is the process that sometimes applies?
A C adopts voicing of following C 34

35. Galician [tɾes meses] ~ [tɾez meses] ‘3 months’
[deɵ meses] ~ [deð meses] ‘10 months’
What is the process that sometimes applies?
A C adopts voicing of following C
Problem [tɾes] > *[dɾes] 35

36. Galician [tɾes meses] ~ [tɾez meses] ‘3 months’
[deɵ meses] ~ [deð meses] ‘10 months’
What is the process that sometimes applies?
A C adopts voicing of following C
Problem [tɾes] > *[dɾes]
A fricative adopts voicing of following C 36

37. Arara
What is the voicing process? 37

38. Arara What is the voicing process? C voices after vowel or sonorant?38

39. Arara What is the voicing process? C voices after vowel or sonorant?
What about [ʧ] > *[ʤ] 39

40. Arara What is the voicing process? C voices after vowel or sonorant?
What about [ʧ] > *[ʤ]
Stops voice after vowels or sonorants 40

41. Portuguese Are [z] and [s] contrastive? Are there minimal pairs?
What does the distribution tell you? 41

42. Portuguese
/z/--[z]
/s/--[s] 42

43. Portuguese Now consider these data
Are [kasas] and [kasaz] a minimal pair?
Are [pas] and [paz] a minimal pair? 43

44. Portuguese Now consider these data
Are [kasas] and [kasaz] a minimal pair? no
Are [pas] and [paz] a minimal pair? no 44

45. Portuguese Now consider these data
Are [kasas] and [kasaz] a minimal pair? no
Are [pas] and [paz] a minimal pair? No
So [s] and [z] are allophones of same phoneme 45

46. Portuguese Now consider these data
Are [kasas] and [kasaz] a minimal pair? no
Are [pas] and [paz] a minimal pair? No
So [s] and [z] are allophones of same phoneme
But, what about minimal pair [kasa] ‘hunt’ [kasa] ‘house 46

47. Portuguese Now consider these data
Are [kasas] and [kasaz] a minimal pair? no
Are [pas] and [paz] a minimal pair? No
So [s] and [z] are allophones of same phoneme
But, what about minimal pair [kasa] ‘hunt’ [kasa] ‘house
That says [s] and [z] belong to different phonemes 47

48. Portuguese On the one hand On the other hand /s/--[s] /z/--[z] \ [z]48

49. Portuguese
Solution: allophone sharing 49

50. Korean Do [b, d, g, dz] contrast with [p, t, k, ts]?
Draw Y diagrams for each 50

51. Korean
[b, d, g, dz] only appear between voiced phones 51

52. Korean [b, d, g, dz] only appear between voiced phones
What is phonemic representation of [kilda]? 52