1. Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939
Political upheavals lead to the formation of a totalitarian state in Russia, civil war in China, and limited self-rule in India.
Poster from the Bolshevik Revolution, celebrating the Red Navy. 1

2. 2

4. Revolutions in Russia Czars Resist Change End to Reform
SECTION 1
Revolutions in Russia
Czars Resist Change
End to Reform
• In 1881, Alexander III becomes czar, ends reforms
• Institutes autocratic rule, suppressing all _______________________ &
_______________________________
Czars Continue Autocratic Rule
• Government ______________________ written criticism; secret police
monitor ________________________ Why?
• Non-Russians living in Russia are treated harshly (________________
& _____________________); Russian becomes the official language
• __________________________ become target of government-backed
pogroms (mob violence)
• In 1894, Nicholas II becomes czar, continues _____________________
ways

5. Russia Industrializes
SECTION 1
Russia Industrializes
Rapid Industrialization
• Number of factories _________________ between 1863 and 1900; Russia still
lags behind ______________________________________
• In late 1800s, new plan boosts _____________________________ production
Trans-Siberian railway begins – connects European Russia with Russian
ports on the ____________________________________
The Revolutionary Movement Grows
• _______________________ breeds discontent over poor working conditions,
low wages, child labor and the outlawing of unions
• Growing popularity of the Marxist idea that the proletariat
(____________________________) will rule the country
_________________________________ – moderate Marxists who favor
revolution by a broad base of popular support
• _________________________________ — Marxists who favor revolution by
a small committed group willing to sacrifice everything
• ___________ — Bolshevik leader — an excellent organizer & inspiring leader

6. Vladimir Lenin

8. Crises at Home and Abroad
SECTION 1
Crises at Home and Abroad
The Russo-Japanese War
• Defeat in Russo-Japanese War of early the 1900’s causes
_______________________ in Russia
Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905
• In 1905, _____________________ workers march on czar’s palace in
St. Petersburg to demand reforms – better working conditions, more
personal freedom, an elected national legislature
• Army fires into the crowd, killing _____________ civilians
• Massacre leads to widespread unrest; Nicholas is forced to make
________________________
• The Duma, Russia’s first parliament, meets in 1906
• Czar unwilling to share power; dissolves Duma after only
____________________ weeks

9. “Bloody Sunday” massacre in St. Petersburg (1905)

10. World War I: The Final Blow
SECTION 1
continued Crises at Home and Abroad
World War I: The Final Blow
• Heavy losses in World War I reveal government’s __________________
• Nicholas goes to war front; Czarina Alexandra runs government
• Czarina falls under the influence of Rasputin — mysterious
“______________________________”
• Nobles fear Rasputin’s influence, murder him
• The ____________ was losing effectiveness; mutinies, ignoring orders,
etc…
People at home hungry and unhappy due to rapid inflation and a lack of
food and fuel

11. The March Revolution First Steps
SECTION 1
The March Revolution
First Steps
• In February 1917, strikes by female textile workers expand; at first soldiers
fired on protestors
Later they refuse to fire on workers and ______________________________
The Czar Steps Down
• February/March Revolution — protests become uprising; Nicholas abdicates
the throne; he and his family are ___________________________________
one year later
• Duma establishes provisional, or temporary, government, headed by
Alexander Kerensky (_____________________________________)
• ____________________________ — committees of Socialist revolutionaries
(workers, peasants, and soldiers) — control many cities
Lenin Returns to Russia
• In April 1917, Germans aid _________________________ in returning from
exile to Russia

12. Protesters Being Shot by Russian Troops in Petrograd (1917)

13. The Bolshevik Revolution
SECTION 1
The Bolshevik Revolution
The Provisional Government Topples
• “______________________________________________” = Lenin’s
slogan
In November 1917, workers (called the _____________________________________________) take control of
the government – Kerensky is ousted
Bolsheviks in Power
• Lenin gives _________________ to peasants, puts workers in control of _______________________
• ____________________________ sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with
Germany
Russia is out of World War I, but surrendered a large part of its ______________________ which, coupled with the execution of the ______________________________, angered many Russians

14. Cartoon depicting Lenin sweeping away kings, capitalists, and priests

15. V. I. Lenin delivering a speech in Moscow (1918).

16. Civil War Rages in Russia
SECTION 1
continued The Bolshevik Revolution
Civil War Rages in Russia
• Civil War between Bolsheviks’ _____________________ and the loosely allied ________________________
• _____________ and other Western nations sent assistance to the White
Army
Red Army, led by ______________________________, wins three-year
war
_________ million dead from famine, fighting, and the flu
Bolsheviks are now firmly in power
Comparing / Contrasting World Revolutions
• Russian & ____________________ Revolutions different – __________________________________ built on existing ideas
to form a constitutional gov’t
Russian & _________________ Revolutions similar — both attempt to destroy existing social and political structures and remake society

17. Allied Intervention in Russian Civil War
Above: American Soldiers Parade in Vladivostok
Left: Poster pleading Americans to buy war bonds to support intervention in Russia

18. Lenin Restores Order New Economic Policy
SECTION 1
Lenin Restores Order
New Economic Policy
• In March 1921, Lenin launches New Economic Policy (NEP)
NEP = small-scale capitalism – allows peasants to sell their surplus crops,
allows some private ownership of small _______________________________
Lenin views the ____________________ as the key to success in the revolution
• NEP and peace restore the economy that was shattered by WWI & revolution
• By 1928, Russia’s farms, factories are producing at pre-WWI levels
Political Reforms
• Lenin creates self-governing ________________ under the national government
• In 1922, country renamed Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)
Communist Party — new name taken by
Bolsheviks from the writings of _____________
• New constitution based on socialist and
democratic principles – in reality the
Communist Party held all power = dictatorship

19. Stalin Becomes Dictator
SECTION 1
Stalin Becomes Dictator
A New Leader
• ___________________ and Stalin compete to replace Lenin when he
dies
• ____________________________ — cold, hard, and impersonal –
Communist Party general secretary in 1922
• ___________________ gains power from 1922 to 1927 because of his
political ties and daily operating power
• ______________ dies in 1924, but criticized both men openly before
his death
• ____________________ gains complete control in 1928
____________________ forced into exile and is assassinated in Mexico in 1940 on Stalin’s orders

20. Joseph Stalin in 1950.

21. Totalitarianism - CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia
SECTION 2
Totalitarianism - CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia
A Government of Total Control
Totalitarianism, Centralized State Control
• Totalitarianism — government that dominates every aspect of life
Challenges the values of reason, freedom, human dignity and the worth
of the individual
• Totalitarian leaders are often ________________ & ________________
Police Terror
• ____________________ uses police to spy on and intimidate people
Use terror and violence to force obedience and crush
___________________
No one is free from suspicion or accusations of being an enemy of the
state

22. • Instruction in the __________________________ beliefs
SECTION 2
continued A Government of Total Control
Indoctrination
• Instruction in the __________________________ beliefs
Government shapes people’s minds through ___________________
education
Begins with ____________, wants to create unconditional loyalty and
support
Propaganda and Censorship
• Government controls all ______________________, crushes opposing
views
______________ are surrounded with false information that appears to be true
Religious or Ethnic Persecution
• Leaders brand religious and ethnic minorities as “_________________________________”
They are forced to live in restricted areas and/or follow laws that
apply only to them

23. Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
SECTION 2
Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
Police State
• Stalin’s used the secret police, tanks, and armored vehicles to stop
__________________________
Gov’t spied on the public with informers, reading mail, and even used children
• ___________________ — terror campaign against Stalin’s perceived
enemies
• By the end of 1938, Stalin is in complete control; ___________ million
killed
Russian Propaganda and Censorship
• Government controls newspapers, radio, movies
• __________________ censored and controlled; work had to glorify the Communist Party
“Literature, the cinema, the arts are levers in the hands of the proletariat which
must be used to show the masses positive models of initiative and heroic
labor.” – excerpt from an editorial in Pravda, the Communist Party newspaper

24. Friendship of the People (1924), a painting by Soviet artist Stepan Karpov.

25. Education and Indoctrination
SECTION 2
continued Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
Education and Indoctrination
• Government controls all education, from early grades to college
• Children learn the virtues of the ______________________________
• ____________________ & __________________ who challenge the
Party’s interpretation of history and science are punished
Party leaders stressed the importance of _______________________
& ______________________ to build the Communist state
Religious Persecution
• Stalin used propaganda to attack religion and show religious beliefs as
mere _________________________
League of the Militant Godless = state sponsored _____________________ group
Government attacks Russian _______________________ Church
• Magnificent churches, synagogues destroyed; religious leaders killed
• People lose all personal ________________ & ________________ in
favor of the power of the state

26. Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy
SECTION 2
Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy
New Economic System
• ____________________________ — government makes all economic decisions, political leaders identify
the countries economic needs and
determines how to fulfill them
An Industrial Revolution
• ______________________ — Stalin’s plans for developing the
economy; set
unrealistically high goals for the output of steel, coal, oil, end electricity
• Result: large growth in ___________________ power; shortage of
_________________ goods = lack of housing, food, clothing, and other
necessities

27. Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy
SECTION 2
Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy
An Agricultural Revolution
• In 1928, government creates collective farms — large, state-
owned farms – ______________________________
• Wealthy peasants, ______________, resist this change; kill
livestock & destroy crops
_______________ million die in crackdown
• By 1938, agricultural production rising, _______% of all
peasants lived on collective farms

29. Daily Life Under Stalin
SECTION 2
Daily Life Under Stalin
Gains at Great Cost
• ________________ = People better educated & gain new skills
• ________________ = Limited personal freedoms; few consumer
goods; dissent prohibited
Women Gain Rights
• Communists say women are equal to men
• Women ________________ to join labor force; state provides
child care
Men still held the best jobs
• Many women receive ________________ educations, become
professionals – engineering, science, and medicine
• Women ________________ from demands of work & family
NEXT

30. Total Control Achieved
SECTION 2
Total Control Achieved
Powerful Ruler
• By mid- ______________, Stalin has transformed Soviet Union
- totalitarian regime; industrial, political power
• Stalin controls all aspects of Soviet life:
- ________________________ as dictator & Communist Party
leader
- rules by _______________ instead of constitutional
government
- ___________________ conformity & obedience

31. Members of the Soviet Communist youth group (1946).