1. Write the summary reaction for cellular respiration and describe where each reactant is used and where each product is formed.

2. Where do glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation each take place?

3. What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

4. What are the reactants and products of the citric acid cycle?

5. What are the reactants and products of oxidative phosphorylation?

6. What is the purpose of fermentation? (Why is it necessary?)

7. What are the two types of fermentation and what are their products?

8. How is pyruvate moved from the cytosol into the mitochondria and introduced into the citric acid cycle?

9. What are electron carriers and why are they important?

10. Why is the inner mitochondrial membrane folded?

11. Describe how the electron transport chain is used to create a proton-motive force.

12. What is chemiosmosis?

13. How is ATP synthase used to make ATP?

14. Distinguish between oxidation and reduction reactions.

15. Draw/describe the structure of a mitochondria.

16. How does the structure of a mitochondria support endosymbiotic theory?

17. Describe how ATP can inhibit the production of ATP.

18. What is cotransport?

19. Explain how water potential determines the movement of water in plants.

20. Describe the cohesion-tension theory.

21. What is bulk flow?

22. Distinguish between xylem and phloem.

23. Distinguish between apical and lateral meristems.

24. How does the structure of a leaf make it suited to its function?

25. Describe how guard cells function to open and close stomata.

26. Describe factors that influence the rate of transpiration.

27. What is transpiration and why is it important to a plant?

28. What are the sugar source and sugar sink in a plant?

29. Write the summary reaction for photosynthesis and describe where each reactant is used and where each product is formed.

30. Draw/describe a chloroplast.

31. What are photosystems? What are they composed of? What do they do?

32. Distinguish between cyclic and linear energy flow.

33. Which electron carriers are used in cellular respiration
Which electron carriers are used in cellular respiration? Photosynthesis?

34. What are the reactants and products of the light – dependent reactions
What are the reactants and products of the light – dependent reactions? Where do they take place?

35. What are the reactants and products of the light-independent reactions
What are the reactants and products of the light-independent reactions? Where do they take place?

36. List similarities between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

37. How are the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis linked?

38. What is fixation?

39. What are pigments and why are they important?

40. Distinguish between the two photosystems.

41. How is water used during the light-dependent reactions?

42. How is NADPH created during photosynthesis?

43. How is carbon fixed during the light-independent reactions?

44. What is the 3 carbon sugar released from the Calvin cycle?

45. Describe the three stages of cell communication.

46. Describe how G protein coupled receptors receive messages from other cells.

47. Describe how receptor tyrosine kinases receive messages from other cells.

48. What is a phosphorylation cascade and why is it useful?

49. What are second messengers?

50. What is the difference on cellular response of the response occurs in the nucleus versus in the cytoplasm?

51. Describe how apoptosis occurs.

52. Why is apoptosis important to living organisms?

53. What is a ligand?

54. Distinguish between how non-polar and polar signal molecules are received by cells.

55. Describe how ligand-gates ion channels receive signals.

56. Distinguish between kinases and phosphatases.

57. Describe the role of auxins in plants.

58. What is phototropism?

59. What is photoperiodism?

60. Describe how plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens.

61. What are hormones?

62. How do auxins influence directional growth in plants?

63. What are the functi?ons of cytokinins

64. What are the functions of gibberellins?

65. What is the function of abscisic acid?

66. What are the functions of ethylene?

67. Distinguish between short-day plants, long-day plants, and day-neutral plants.

68. What is gravitropism?

69. What is thigmotropism?

70. What are ways that plants respond to attack?