1. Anatomy Unit 4 Review Answers

2. (1) Which 4 structures are included in the skeletal system?
Bones
Joints
Cartilage
Bone marrow

3. (2) What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
Protection
Support
Movement
Mineral + Growth hormone storage
Blood Cell Production

4. (3) Which bone makes up your lower jaw?
mandible

5. (4) Which bone makes up your upper jaw?
maxilla

6. (5) Which bones sit perpendicular to your sternum, and directly beneath your neck?
Clavicle bones

7. (6) What is the bone to which the ribs connect to?
Vertebral column

8. (8) Which bone is your “shoulder blade”?
scapula

9. (9) Which bone makes up the upper portion of your arm?
humerus

10. (10) Which 2 bones make up your forearms?
Radius
Ulna

11. (11) Which 2 bones make up your wrists and palms?
Carpals
Metacarpals

12. (12) Which bone makes up the upper portion of your leg?
femur

13. (13) Which 2 bones make up your shins?
Tibia
Fibula

14. (14) Which 2 bones make up your ankles and the soles of your feet?
Tarsals
Metatarsals

15. (15) What bone makes up your fingers and toes?
phalange

16. (16) Which bone is your kneecap?
patella

17. Skip #17-21…. 

18. (22) What are the 2 bone regions?
Axial
Appendicular

19. (23) Which bones make up the axial skeleton?
Skull
Vertebral column
Center of pelvis
Sternum
Ribs

20. (24) Which bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
Arms
Legs
Shoulders
Hips

21. (25) What are the 4 types of bones?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

22. (26) What is the function of long bones?
Weight support
Movement

23. (27) Provide 2-3 examples of long bones:
Humerus, radius, ulna
Femur, tibia, fibula
phalanges

24. (28) What is the function of short bones?
Increase range of body movement

25. (29) Provide 2-3 examples of short bones:
Carpals, metacarpals
Tarsals,metatarsals

26. (30) What is the function of flat bones?
Protection

27. (31) Provide 2-4 examples of flat bones:
Skull
Scapula
Sternum
ribs

28. (32) What is the function of irregular bones?
Attachment sites for muscles, tendons, ligaments…

29. (33) Provide 2 examples of irregular bones:
Vertebral column
Pelvis / hip

30. (34) What and Where is compact bone?
What: dense layer of bone
Where: outside of bones

31. (35) What and Where is spongy bone?
What: porous layer of bone
Where: inside bone

32. (36) What is the diaphysis?
Shaft of the bone

33. (37) What is the epiphysis?
The very end of a long bone

34. (38) What is the epiphyseal plate in a bone?
Area of cartilage growth
At the end of bones (epiphyses)
Shows up as epiphyseal line

35. (39) What and Where is the periosteum?
What: membrane that connects nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels to bone…
Where: outside of compact bone….

36. (40) What and Where is the endosteum?
What: membrane that connects nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels to bone….
Where: inside, surrounding the spongy bone….

37. (41) Which structures make up the organic portion of bone
(41) Which structures make up the organic portion of bone? What is their function?
Bone Cells…
Osteoblasts = baby bone cells
Osteoclasts = cannibal bone cells
Osteocytes = mature bone cells
Osteoid….
Goo that contains bone nutrients + osteoblasts!
Necessary for bone development + repair!

38. Contains necessary cells + vitamins/ions for bone growth
(42) What is osteoid?
Nutrient Goo
Contains necessary cells + vitamins/ions for bone growth

39. (43) Which compounds make up the inorganic portion of bone?
Calcium & Phosphate (Minerals)
Growth Hormones

40. Skip #44-45! 

41. (46) What are osteoblasts?
Baby bone cells
Secrete osteoid

42. (46) What are osteoblasts?
Baby bone cells
Secrete osteoid
Develop into mature bone cells

43. (47) What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells

44. (48) What are osteoclasts?
Cannibal bone cells
They eat bone debris + excess material

45. (49) Which factors can cause bone injury?
Increase in weight
Irregular twisting
Irregular bending
Irregular rotation

46. (50) What is a comminuted fracture? Why does it happen?
What: fracture in which bone breaks into 3 or more pieces
Why: smash into something

47. (51) What are osteoblasts?**
Baby bone cells….
We already did this one 

48. (52) What are osteocytes?**
Mature bone cells…
We already did this one 

49. (53) What are osteoclasts?**
Cannibal bone cells…
We already did this one 

50. (54) Which factors can cause bone injury? **
Weight, twisting, bending, rotating…
We already did this one 

51. (55) What is a comminuted fracture? Why does it happen?
What: Bone breaks into 3 or more pieces…
Why: Smash into something…
We already did this one 

52. (56) What is a spiral fracture? Why does it happen?
What: Ragged diagonal fracture
Why: Irregular twisting

53. (57) What is a depressed fracture? Where does it happe?
What: piece of bone is pushed inwards
Where: skull

54. (58) What is a transverse fracture?
Perpendicular
Clean Break

55. (59) What is an oblique fracture?
Diagonal
Clean Break

56. (60) What is an open fracture? Where is it common?
What: Bone breaks through skin…
Where: clavicles, forearms, ribs, shins…

57. (61) What is a compression fracture? What causes it? Where?
What: Bone is pulverized
Cause: Brittle / Old Bones
Where: Spine, Heels / Feet

58. (62) What is an epiphyseal fracture? Why does it happen?
What: Epiphysis breaks off diaphysis, at the epiphyseal line
Why: Brittle / Old Bones

59. (63) What is a greenstick fracture? Why does it happen?
What: bone breaks incompletely
Why: You are a young child + bones are flexible

60. (64) What are the 4 stages of bone repair?
Hematoma
Fibrocartilaginous Callus
Bony Callus
Remodeling

61. (65) What happens during hematoma formation?
Busted blood vessels spew out blood….
Blood / Fluid pools under wound site

62. (66) What happens during the Fibrocartilaginous Callus formation?
Cartilage reconnects main bone pieces
Osteoclasts devour debris

63. (67) What happens during the bony callus formation?
Establish spongy + compact bone

64. (68) What occurs during final bone remodeling?
Compact bone thickened
Osteoclasts minimize excess bone material

65. Spaces in between 2 bones
(69) What are joints?
Spaces in between 2 bones

66. (70) What are the 6 types of joints?
Pivot
Condyloid
Plane
Hinge
Saddle
Ball and socket

67. (71) What is the purpose of joints?
Allow for wider range of movement.

68. (72) What type of movement do pivot joints allow for? Where are they?
Movement: uniaxial
Where: vertebral column

69. Where: wrist and knuckles
(73) What type of movement do condyloid joints allow for? Where are they?
Movement: angular
Where: wrist and knuckles

70. (74) What type of movement do plane joints allow for? Where are they?
Movement: short gliding
Where: intercarpal / intertarsal

71. (75) What type of movement do hinge joints allow for? Where are they?
Movement: uniaxial
Where: elbow, interphalangeal

72. (76) What type of movement do saddle joints allow for? Where are they?
Movement: angular
Where: thumbs, metacarpal

73. Movement: universal Where: shoulder + hips
(77) What type of movement do ball and socket joints allow for? Where are they?
Movement: universal
Where: shoulder + hips

74. Tear / Pull in muscle/tendon/ligament
(78) What is a sprain?
Tear / Pull in muscle/tendon/ligament

75. (79) What is a dislocation?
Bone is out of socket/joint

76. (80) What are the 3 types of muscle?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

77. (81) What does skeletal muscle look like?
Striped (striated)

78. (82) What type of movement does skeletal muscle allow for?
Whole body movement

79. (83) Where can you find skeletal muscle?
On top of your skeleton (bones)

80. (84) What does cardiac muscle look like?
Branched

81. (85) What type of movement does cardiac muscle allow?
Heart contraction
Fast contraction
Involuntary

82. (86) Where can you find cardiac muscle?
Heart

83. (87) What does smooth muscle look like?

84. (88) What type of movement does smooth muscle allow for?
Secretions + churning
Involuntary

85. (89) Where can you find smooth muscle?
Digestive system

86. (90) What are the 4 functions of muscle?
Whole body Movement
Heat production
Maintain upright position
Organ movement

87. (91) List the parts of skeletal muscle:
Macroscopic  Microscopic:
Muscle
Fascicle
Muscle fiber
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Myofilament

88. (92) What is the muscle?
Organ

89. Bundle of muscle fibers
(93) What is a fascicle?
Bundle of muscle fibers

90. (94) What / Where is the epimysium? Perimysium?
Epimysium = membrane covering outside of whole muscle
Perimysium = membrane covering fascicle

91. (95) What is a muscle fiber?
Muscle cell

92. Organelle inside muscle fiber
(96) What is a myofibril?
Organelle inside muscle fiber

93. Contractile unit inside myofibril-organelle
(97) What is a sarcomere?
Contractile unit inside myofibril-organelle

94. (98) What are the myofilaments?
Parts that contract w/in sarcomere…
Actin & Myosin

95. What: myofilament (thin)
(99) What / Where is actin?
What: myofilament (thin)
Where: inside muscle fiber… inside the sarcomere of myofibril

96. (100) What/Where is Myosin?
What: myofilament (thick)
Where: inside muscle fiber… inside sarcomere of myofibril

97. (101) Why is a muscle contraction called the sliding filament theory?
Actin + myosin = filaments
They slide together
That is a muscle contraction

98. (102) What causes a muscle contraction?
Sliding of actin + myosin past each other…

99. (103) Describe the sodium-potassium channel initiation…
Acetylcholine binds to sarcolemma of muscle fiber…
Na-K channels open for depolarization…

100. (104) Briefly describe what happens during depolarization of the sarcolemma:
Na and K flow in/out down the membrane (sarcolemma) of the muscle fiber

101. Right After: Calcium binds with troponin + troponin unveils actin….
(105) Which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum? What happens right after?
Ion Released = Calcium
Right After: Calcium binds with troponin + troponin unveils actin….

102. (106) Describe the interaction of myosin + ATP
…. Actin was unveiled….
Myosin spits out ADP + P = ATP….
Myosin hinges upright to grab actin!

103. (107) What must occur for muscle fibers to relax?
ATP back to myosin
Troponin + tropomyosin cover up actin
Calcium back to sarcoplasmic reticulum
Na + K back in/out of muscle fiber
Na + K channels close