1. ASSESSMENT OF THE COURSE
EXAM SECTION I 25p (written part 20p + Video test 5p)
EXAM SECTION II 35p (written part 30p + Video test 5p)
ESSAYS (2) = 10 p 
ORAL INTERVIEW: in pairs = 20 p = DURING THE LAST PRACTICAL SESSION
ACTIVE PARTICIPATION = attendance + extra practical sessions = 10p 
ATTEND & COMPLETE AT LEAST 4 PRACTICAL SESSIONS

2. Sample + Solution EXAM SECT II and SOL PP at: personales.upv.es/ajaime
EXAM SECTION II (U6-10)=35p
1 JUNE 11:00 Room 421
PARTS OF THE EXAM:
VIDEO TEST (During PRAC SESS 6) = 5p
MULTIPLE CHOICE
CORRECT THE MISTAKES
TRANSLATION
READING COMPREHENSION
COMPOSITION
Sample + Solution EXAM SECT II and SOL PP at: personales.upv.es/ajaime

3. CONTENTS SECTION II (U(5)6-9(10)
UNIT 5 (Grammar):
CAUSE&EFFECT (p57) &vbs CAUSE/ALLOW/PREVENT (p60)
UNIT 6:
ELECTRICITY: ELECTROMAGNETISM- Revision connectors / Prepositions / PROCESSES: purpose & method
UNIT 7:
POWER PLANTS – PROCESSES: active vs passive; irregular verbs; verb tenses; U5:CAUSE/ALLOW/PREVENT (p60)/
SEQUENCE & Useful expressions (U 10-p122) see SOL PP U7
UNIT 8:
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES – Conditional clauses & expressions (OTHERWISE/UNLESS/PROVIDED) / Giving opinion
UNIT 9:
POLLUTION– Expressing degree and Graphs
UNIT 10:
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING: PROCESSES = Sequence (U7)

4. UNIT 9 Vocabulary Grammar and functions Types of pollution
Environmental effects
Grammar and functions
Graphs & Figures
Expressing degree = QUANTITY
Revision of the grammar structures

5. LISTENING (p105)
1-Environmental pollution is the CONTAMINATION OF THE AIR, LAND AND WATER CAUSED BY HUMAN PRODUCTS.
2-a) CHEMICALS RELEASED BY INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
b) EXHAUST FROM GASOLINE-POWERED VEHICLES LIKE AUTOMOBILES,
c) REFUSE AND GASES EMITTED BY FACTORIES,
d) sewage and GARBAGE DISPOSED OF BY CITIES,
e) PESTICIDES USED IN AGRICULTURE.
3- THE AMOUNT OF RELEASED POLLUTANTS.
4- a) CONSERVATION EFFORTS, SUCH AS RECYCLING
b) NEW TECHNOLOGIES ALLOW INDUSTRY TO RELEASE FEWER POLLUTANTS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.
5- The long-term effects of pollution are not yet PRECISELY known, but it is WIDELY believed by scientists that GLOBAL WARMING - THE HEATING OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE AS A RESULT OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT is a threat to most forms of life on the planet .

6. Typically N & Vb are modified by DEGREE ADJ/ADV
GRAPHS & FIGURES (p112)
As can be seen/ As shown IN THE TABLE/ GRAPH
As can be seen / As shown IN Ø Table/Graph 2
UP: RISE / RAISE / INCREASE / GROW /CLIMB /GO UP
DOWN: DECREASE / DROP / FALL / DECLINE/ GO DOWN
Typically N & Vb are modified by DEGREE ADJ/ADV
( e.g. a sharp increase / increased sharply)
PREPOSITIONS:
- Figures: BY(about)Ø 10% /FROM…(UP)TO Ø 10%/ACCOUNT FOR 10%
Time: OVER a period / FROM …TO /… DURING/… SINCE (1994)/ FOR a long time
With NOUNS : Rise / increase / growth / drop / change / decline / decrease + IN value

7. LISTENING: GREENHOUSE EFFECT (p110)
A greenhouse is a building whose sides and roof are made of glass so that the temperature inside is magnified.
And it is used to grow plants that need high temperatures
I mention this to illustrate an example of how man could be causing changes to the climate.
These changes result from increasing the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, thus raising the surface temperature of the earth. And this could alter what is known as the “Greenhouse Effect”.
Let’s start with carbon dioxide –CO2. CO2 is a normal component of the atmosphere, and until recently has not been considered an air pollutant.
But average global CO2 concentrations have been increasing since 1860, with a particularly sharp increase since 1958.
As you see, it is a J curve. The main reason for this continuous increase in CO2 build-up is the burning of fossil fuels.
You’ll note that during the past 100 years, the CO2 content of the atmosphere has already risen by about 15% -from about 290 to about 340 parts per million. And it is still rising.
Although the CO2 content is about 0.032% it’s a major factor in determining average global temperature in what’s known as the Greenhouse Effect

8. LISTENING: GREENHOUSE EFFECT
incoming sunlight consists of many wavelengths, including some very dangerous ones.
But ozone, water vapour and CO2 destroy the harmful wavelengths. So what reaches the earth is visible light. It is absorbed and reradiated into the atmosphere as longer wavelength infrared (IR) radiation, or heat, as the earth cools.
This IR radiation is absorbed by CO2.
The CO2 then radiates a portion of the absorbed heat energy back to the earth, to warm the atmosphere.
Like the glass in a greenhouse, the CO2 in the atmosphere acts as a one-way filter that allows visible light to enter the Earth’s atmosphere, but prevents longer wavelength heat radiation from leaving.
Assuming that energy is arriving from the sun at a constant rate, then as the level of CO2 increases, the average surface temperature of the Earth should rise.
in 1863, but it was taken as a serious matter in 1956.
a projected increase in CO2 to 375 parts per million in the year 2000 could cause the average air temperature to increase by about 0.5ºC.

9. ADJ/ADV (p108)
Quantity (+N): all/every/each | most (of the) |many/much| a large amount/number | some, several, certain |(a) few/(a) little/ a small amount/number I no (+N) /none (PRONOUN)/not any
Certainty: certain(ly), absolute(ly)| probable(ly), (be) likely to(+INF)| possible(ly)| Uncertain(ly), (be) unlikely to I certain(ly) not, definite(ly) not
Degree: very + ADJ/ MUCH (+comp) significant(ly), substantial(ly), dramatically, widely (used) I mostly, greatly, highly, too (+ADJ), (ADJ) enough (N), rather, fairly, quite I slightly, hardly, scarcely
Frequency (+VB): always| usual(ly), normal(ly), general(ly)| often, frequent(ly)| sometimes| rare(ly), seldom, hardly ever/ scarcely ever| never
New sites for wind farms are likely to be mostly offshore
Global carbon emissions have significantly increased in the last years

10. EXERCISE DEGREE A (p108)
1 We installed a complete new system We installed a completely new system 2 It was a really enjoyable film It was a real enjoyable film 3 The product is full guaranteed for a year The product is fully guaranteed for a year 4 The new car was a closely guarded secret The new car was a close guarded secret 5 He's a highly paid executive He's a high paid executive

11. EXERCISE DEGREE B (p 109)
Plant and animal life can be greatly affected by global warming
He's a highly qualified engineer
It was a badly written report and it needed a lot of corrections
He presented a well structured report
Supercharger engines achieve extremely high performance
Lignite’s energy content is rather low
Wind power is likely to be the most widely used renewable energy source in the future
Stacked solar cells significantly increase the efficiency of solar cells
With a better control of CO2 emissions global warming would never have increased
Simply throwing trash into the recycling bin hardly does anything to reduce rubbish

12. READING : GLOBAL WARMING p 109
Which two environmental phenomena result from burning coal?
What do the cumbustion gases do?
What are the consequences of global warming?
Do all scientists agree in their estimations?
Why is deforestation a problem?
What is the cause of smog?
Which measures have been take to control car emissions?
UNDERLINE DEGREE ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS

13. TRANSLATION
Industrial and domestic pollution HAVE/HAS RISEN/INCREASED IN THE LAST 50 YEARS.
Industrial air pollution includes the so-called “greenhouse gases”, LIKE/SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE and CFCs … .
BESIDES/IN ADDITION TO THESE GASES, we must not forget sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,
WHICH RESULT IN/GIVE RISE TO ACID RAIN.
The largest single cause of industrial air pollution is the electricity industry, AS/SINCE ALL FOSSIL FUELS PRODUCE, AT LEAST, CARBON DIOXIDE.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE BEING APPLIED in a few places in order to minimize the effect of dangerous gas emissions,
but these technologies are still very expensive and WOULD MAKE/CAUSE THE PRICE OF ELECTRICITY Ø/TO RISE/INCREASE .

14. TRANSLATION
Two important causes of water pollution are ACID RAIN AND THERMAL POLLUTION.
Land pollution is also an environmental THREAT
IT ALSO TAKES PLACE/HAPPENS/OCCURS WHEN THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE is buried or …..
Usually, …but, AS WE HAVE SEEN, …,
and … UNLESS WE CONTRIBUTE to reduce global pollution AS MUCH AS WE CAN.

15. EXERCISE A: Describe trend
DOWN UP
Increase
Climb
Lift
Rise
Fall
Decrease
Drop
Decline

16. EXERCISE B: US Electricity
The two PIECHARTS ILLUSTRATE the production of electricity in the US BY SOURCE in 2003 and 2012.
In general, COAL was the most important …., although nuclear power GREW in importance.
In 2003, coal-powered stations were the main source of electricity, producing 46% of electricity, and this FIGURE increased TO 55% in 2012.
The SECOND most important source … was natural gas, with almost 25%.
However, by 2012, this had DECLINED to just 12.3%.
Hydroelectric power also declined OVER the same period, FROM 16% to less than 14%.
BY CONTRAST nuclear energy gained in importance.
It ROSE from just 1.4% of production in 2003 to almost 14% in 2012, a TEN FOLD increase.
IN SUMMARY more electricity was produced from coal and nuclear energy, WHILE natural gas, hydroelectric power, and oil declined IN IMPORTANCE

17. VIDEO: HOUSING PRICES
What is VERY SIGNIFICANT about in the four countries OVER THE DECADE is that the houses in Japan DECLINED SHARPLY IN VALUE, FALLING BY 40%
This CONTRASTS VERY STRONGLY with Australia.
The latter did see A MARGINAL DROP IN house prices FROM 2000 TO 2002
but the next two years experienced VERY STRONG GROWTH.
After A STABLE PERIOD LASTING four years Australian house prices DOUBLED IN VALUE …
… so that OVER THE WHOLE PERIOD house prices in Australia RECORDED GROWTH OF 120%

18. VIDEO: HOUSING PRICES SIMILARLY, the UK saw A CONSIDERABLE INCREASE
From 2000 TO 2008 house prices MORE THAN DOUBLED …
… but after that FELL SHARPLY
Canada also stands IN SHARP CONTRAST …
…because it is the only country where HOUSE PRICE GROWTH WAS REGULAR

19. VIDEO: HOUSING PRICES
The table data shows that THE 120% CHANGE IN HOUSE PRICES in Australia ….
… was FROM A QUARTER OF A MILLION DOLLARS TO MORE THAN HALF A MILLION DOLLARS
However AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGES during that period ONLY INCREASED BY ABOUT 50%
The effect of this is that in 2000 HOUSE PRICES EQUATED TO 570% …
while ten years later THAT FIGURE HAD CLIMBED CONSIDERABLY TO 780%

20. VIDEO ACID RAIN PARAGRAPH 1
Which is the common thing in some lakes of Europe?
What is happening to some forests in Central Europe?
Which percentage of forests is affected?
What is happening to the future of salmon and trout fishing in N & Sw?
How many lakes in Sweden are not capable of supporting fish?
Which is the cause?
PARAGRAPH 2
Which substances contain sulphur?
When does this sulphur become sulphuric acid?
What happens to this sulphuric acid
Which are the consequences of it falling locally?
what happens to pollution produced in Britain?
PARAGRAPH 3
What effects does it have?
For example in Scandinavia the fish were disappearing from the lakes why?.
That is, what?

21. VIDEO ACID RAIN PARAGRAPH 1
they are threatened by a huge ecological disaster
the great forests are now dead or dying
30%
the future of salmon and trout fishing is threatened
More than 4,000
acid rain
PARAGRAPH 2
All fossil fuels, that is coal, oil and gas contain sulphur
when these are burnt, such as in power stations or motor vehicles
This sulphuric acid goes up into the air with the exhaust fumes and sooner or later it must fall back to earth
people who live in, near power stations notice that their cars rust quickly or that their masonry gets worn away
It is transported as far as Scandinavia
PARAGRAPH 3
it damages vehicles and buildings, but it also has serious ecological effects
this was due to the acidification of the lakes,
there was so much sulphuric acid in the rain that the lakes themselves became acid which killed the fish

22. VIDEO ACID RAIN PARAGRAPH 4
Apart from the fish, what other things does it affect?
In Czechoslovakia what happened in the 60’s ?
When was the phenomenon noticed in Germany?
What is the situation now?
Which is the main source of acid rain?
What is required in Japan and W Germany?
What do these mechanism do?
What is the solution in Britain?
Is that any real use?
PARAGRAPH 5
Which fuel could make some difference?
What is another major source of acid rain?
What is possible with this type of fuel?
What do these mechanisms do?
When is this solution not possible?
Why?
PARAGRAPH 6
Summarize this paragraph

23. VIDEO ACID RAIN PARAGRAPH 4 Acid rain also affects trees
In Czechoslovakia in the 60’s trees began to die and now there are large areas of former forest which consist of only dead trees
in the late 70s
many forest areas are dying and some are already dead
electric power stations
laws requiring their power stations to build filter installations
prevent the acid getting out into the air
that the chimneys be built taller so that the pollution is more distributed
it improves our air in our cities but it distributes the pollution further afield, so that forests in Scandinavia get affected
PARAGRAPH 5
the introduction of lead-free petrol
motor vehicles
it would be possible to build exhaust filters
prevent the release of acid
with lead in the petrol
because it prevents the filter mechanism from working
PARAGRAPH 6
some of the forests are already too badly affected to be saved, but there are a lot more forests which are slightly affected, and if action was taken now, then they perhaps could be saved.
Our forests and lakes are more than just places for relaxation and leisure. They are an essential part of the ecological balance which keeps our planet alive. If the problem is not faced very soon, it may be too late