1. Lesson 3 The Roman Empire
Ancient Rome
Lesson 3
The Roman Empire

2. Terms to Know
Province, the Colosseum, aqueduct, polytheism, arch

3. Roman Growing Pains
With the defeat of Carthage, Rome’s power and wealth grew, but it caused a lot of problems.
Had an empire without an emperor.
The empire was divided into provinces or areas or units of measure within a country or empire.
Roman magistrates were sent to govern these provinces. What problems arose with governors?

4. The Decline of the Roman Republic
Rome was in trouble; some leaders tried to break up estates and give land to the plebeians.
Governors were corrupt, the poor got poorer, and civil war broke out among the Romans.
During the next seventy-five years, Roman generals fought for power; however, some generals tried to help Rome.
They gave food to the poor, allowed some to join the military and it worked for awhile.

5. Fall of the Roman Republic
Rome sent two commanders:
Sulla fought and ruled as a dictator for a year, then retired.
Pompey and Julius Caesar took Sulla’s place. They worked together for a time.
The Senate sided with Pompey and told Caesar to give up his legions.
He didn’t but instead crossed the Rubicon River into Italy and began a civil war.

6. Civil War and Julius Caesar
You will find the information from your old textbook for this section. In 49 B.C. Caesar and his rebel army marched into Italy. Civil War broke out and spilled into Egypt.
Civil war – conflict/war between groups within one country.
Explain the phrase “spilled into Egypt”. Discuss.
Caesar sought help from Cleopatra
the 21 year old ruler from Egypt

7. Rise of Julius Caesar
Caesar was born into a patrician family in 100 B.C.
Use both books to list Caesar’s accomplishments. You should have at least four achievements.
Elected consul of Rome, became military governor, won fame and riches, and the loyalty of his army
What happened when he invaded Gaul? Use your new textbook for this answer.
Caesar then marched into Italy during its time of turmoil.

8. Civil War and Caesar Caesar asks Cleopatra for help.
Cleopatra asks Caesar for help.
Caesar wants money to fight.
Cleopatra wants to overthrow her brother.
They both get what they wanted.

9. Civil War and Caesar Caesar returned to Italy and won control of Rome.
He then pronounced himself dictator of Rome and dissolved the Roman Republic in 45 B.C.
Dictator – is someone who rules with absolute power.
Under Roman law, a dictator could only rule for 6 months; however, Caesar ruled for much longer and he ruled like a king.
Praetors were other officials. They functioned as junior consuls and later became judges.

10. Caesar’s Rule Gave land to his soldiers Gave free grain to the poor
In your old textbook, read the section on page 237, and list the improvements Caesar implemented in Rome.
Gave land to his soldiers
Gave free grain to the poor
Increased the number of people who could serve in the Senate
Granted Roman citizenship to people who were not from Rome
How did the senators feel about the new dictatorship and what was their decision to do about it? Also read the section in your new textbook on page 234.
What was important about the “Ides of March”?

11. Caesar’s Death Friend said, “Beware Ides of March” Had visions
Senate
Urged him to meet with senate
Stabbed him to death
Friends
Friend said, “Beware Ides of March”
Wife
Had visions
Plead with him not to go

12. The End of The Roman Republic
After Caesar’s death, the struggle for power in Rome grew; patricians and plebeians each tried to win control for themselves.
As problems in Rome increased, conquered peoples rebelled against their Roman governors.
By the centuries end, a period known as the Pax Romana, which is Latin for “Roman peace” occurred.

13. After 14 years the war ended Adopted son/grand nephew
Life After Caesar
Caesar’s Death
Civil War
After 14 years the war ended
Octavian
Adopted son/grand nephew
Took name of Augustus
Pax Romana
Great changes
Period of peace

14. The Beginning of the New Roman Empire
After 14 years of civil war, the winner was the grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar, Octavian.
He defeated some of Rome’s most experienced generals to become the next dictator of Rome.
As a sign of his new power, Octavian gave himself the name Augustus, which means “honored one.”
The month of August was named after him.

15. The Roman Empire
Under Augustus, life throughout the Roman Empire underwent great changes.
Most important, his rule began the Pax Romana.
The period of peace in Rome that lasted about 200 years.
Goods moved freely within Rome’s far-reaching borders.
Romans had bread to eat each day.
Here are a few other improvements during the Pax Romana--

16. Pax Romana Roman money and goods flowed into other countries.
Wool from Greece, Egyptian linen, and Chinese silk for clothing
Grain from North Africa
Pepper and pearls from Asia
Cooked in pots of Spanish copper
How did peace replace war?

17. Beginning of Augustus’ Reign
He was the adopted son of Caesar.
As Augustus began his climb for power he shunned the senate.
Once he became emperor he worked closely with the senate so he wouldn’t see the same fate as Caesar.
As a result, the people gave Augustus as much power as he wanted.

18. The Roman Empire
Conquered people remained free after Romans took their lands.
The Romans would break down their empire into provinces; which is an area of the empire that had a Roman governor supported by an army.
The Romans built a city in a new province to serve as a capital.

19. Provinces
Romans did not interfere or force their way of life on the conquered peoples.
If the people did not start trouble, life remained problem free.
The Romans:
Ran the local government, watched over people
Allowed the people to follow their own religion
Didn’t interfere with the people’s lives
As a result, people learned Roman ways, to speak Latin, and worshipped Roman gods.

20. Roman Influence Polytheism-belief in more than 1 god
Ideas-architecture and engineering
Language- began to speak Latin
Laws
Influence

21. Architecture and Technology
Arch – a curved structure used as a support over an open space as in a doorway.
Concrete – an important new building material – mix of stone, sand, cement, and water.
Were able to build bigger, stronger, and the multilevel floored buildings.
Aqueducts – structures that carried water over long distances.
Roads – All roads lead to Rome! All major roads did lead to Rome, so no matter what road travelers started out on, they could get to Rome.

22. Influence
The Colosseum – the site of contests and combats between people and between people and animals.
Gladiators – people who fought to the death.
often slaves, men or women, enjoyed the fame and fortune made by fighting
What was the term said by the gladiators to Caesar?
Circuses – arenas (show became known as circuses) were violent fights, execution of criminals, and clowns would even entertain.

23. Roman Citizens/Life
In Rome’s day, nothing equaled its power and influence.
A million people lived in the city and people enjoyed the benefits living as a Roman citizen.
To be counted as a Roman citizen, men registered for the census – an official count of people living in Rome.
Roman men declared their family, slaves, and wealth to authorities at census time.
If a man did not register, he ran the risk of losing his property or of being sold into slavery.
Women, girls, slaves, and those who were freed from slavery were not counted as citizens.

24. Roman Citizens/Life
All throughout the Roman Empire people were considered citizens, but the citizens in the city of Rome had a special love for the city.
Rome was everything to its citizens.
Buildings and monuments were a constant reminder of that they were at the center of religion, politics, and culture.

25. Government Officials Rich, aristocrats Poor merchants Slaves/ Jobless
Rome and Its Citizens
Government
Officials
Rich, aristocrats
Poor merchants
Slaves/
Jobless

26. Social Classes/Poor
Rich – had elegant homes in the city and in the country called villas.
Many served extravagant meals, entertainment- musicals, dancers, and performers.
Poor/Jobless – lived in poorly built, rundown housing, apartments with no running water, toilets, or kitchens.
Rubbish and human waste was dumped in the streets.
They also received handouts from the government for wheat to make bread.
If the wheat was bad or late, the poor often rioted.

27. Government Support Roman Life Men with three kids would get free land
Freeborn women with 3 kids and slaves were given privileges
Unmarried men and couples with no kids didn’t get anything

28. Roman Life/Roman Household
The head of the Roman household is the paterfamilias; which means father of the family.
This could be great- grandfather, grandfather, or father.
The family included everyone in the household below the rank of paterfamilias: women, children, and slaves.
They all usually lived in one house and/or shared in family farms.

29. Women marriage freedom business Left her household
Moved to her new paterfamilias home
freedom
Depended on husband’s wealth
Had much influence on family
business
Doctors, business owners
Cooks, dressmaker, hairdressers.

30. Slaves Slavery was common in Rome. Few owners paid their slaves
Almost every rich family had slaves and even poor people had slaves.
Few owners paid their slaves
Many took good care of their slaves
Some moved up in the family’s household.
Some slaves lived short, hard lives.
Slept in chains at night.
Worked in copper, tin, and iron mines, and some trained as rowers on ships, gladiators, and horse workers.