1. 10/17 Daily Catalyst Pg. 36 Evolution of Bacteria
1. What is a characteristic shared by all organisms?
2. Which organism is
most closely related to
birds?
3. Provide an example
of a postzygotic
barriers.

2. 10/17 Daily Catalyst Pg. 36 Evolution of Bacteria
1. What is a characteristic shared by all organisms?
Vertebrae
2. Which organism is
most closely related to
birds?
Dinosaurs

3. 10/6 Daily Catalyst Pg. 32 Evolution of Bacteria
3. Provide an example of a postzygotic barriers.
An example of a postzygotic barrier is a donkey and horse. Once the organisms mate, the offspring is non fertile.

4. 10/17 Class Business Pg. 36 Evolution of Bacteria
Evolution debate/discussion on Monday
We will review on Monday too.
Please bring questions
Evolution test on Tuesday
Study guide due test day
Please schedule an appt. with Mrs. Ireland

5. 10/17 Agenda Pg. 36 Evolution of Bacteria
Daily Catalyst
Class Business
Daily Objective
Evolution of Bacteria
Video Clip
Review
Homework: study guide and hardy-weinberg worksheet

6. Example #1
Determine the percent of the population that is hybrid if the allelic frequency of the recessive trait is .5?
What equation will we use?
What do we know?
What do we want to know?

7. Example #1
Determine the percent of the population that is hybrid if the allelic frequency of the recessive trait is .6?
What equation will we use?
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
What do we know?
Recessive allele (q) = .6 or 60%
What do we want to know?
Hybrid population percentage (pq)
p + .6 = 1
p = .4
2pq
2(.4)(.6)= .48 or 48%

8. Essay Prompt
Are natural populations ever in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? List and explain each of the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and compare each with the actual situation in natural populations. Cite examples to support your argument.
On page 33

9. Grading Rubric
- No, natural populations are rarely (never?) in H-W equilibrium.
- infinitely large populations
- no such thing…population growth is finite
- no selection
- the environment exerts a selective force (predators, parasite, disease,
competition)
- no mutation
- errors in replication happen at a constant rate
- random mating
- sexual selection exists
- no gene flow
- immigration & emigration usually happens

10. Essay Prompt
Compare and contrast artificial selection and natural selection. Explain how the former was useful to Darwin in his thinking about evolution. Cite examples of artificial selection.

11. Grading Rubric
- artificial selection is human-created evolution; intentional selection
- humans are the selection agent: they select the traits in a species that they
want to propagate; humans choose the matings and therefore determine
which individuals are successful.
- artificial selection does not produce individuals that are adapted to the
environment, but rather adapted to human use.
- natural selection is based environmental selection factors. Adaptations bring
about successful in a natural setting.
- both exert a selection pressure on a species.
- artificial selection enabled Darwin to see that traits are passed from parent to
offspring & that traits could accumulate in a population if individuals bearing
those traits are allowed to reproduce selectively.
- Example: dogs, pigeons (Darwin’s direct experience), Brassicae (cole) crops,
many other agricultural examples.

12. Populations of organisms continue to evolve
10/17 Daily Objective
We will be able to evaluate given data sets that illustrate evolution as an ongoing process.
Essential knowledge:
Populations of organisms continue to evolve

13. Prior Knowledge
What do we know about bacteria?

14. Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
LIFE

15. Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
LIFE
Plants and Animals

16. Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
LIFE
Plants and Animals
Bacteria

17. Characteristics of Bacteria
Prokaryotic cell
Single celled
Contains DNA
Can replicate and grow on its own

18. Characteristics of Bacteria
Since Bacteria have DNA, they can evolve too.
We have seen bacteria change over time due to a changing environment.
The bacteria need to adapt to this changing environment.

19. Resisting our drugs
Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are drugs that kill or prevent the growth of bacteria. When antibiotics were first discovered, they seemed to represent a miracle cure for human diseases like pneumonia, typhoid, bubonic plague, and gonorrhea. However, almost immediately after the introduction of antibiotics, bacteria began to change — resistant strains of bacteria soon evolved that could grow even in the presence of a particular antibiotic, rendering our drugs ineffective in battling these resistant infections.

21. The problem is much like running on a treadmill — medical researchers must sweat just to stay in the same place in their race against the bacteria. Drug companies develop and introduce a new antibiotic, only to see the evolution of resistant bacterial strains within a few years. This necessitates the development of yet another antibiotic, which, in turn, becomes useless in the face of newly evolved resistant bacteria.

22. How exactly does antibiotic resistance evolve
How exactly does antibiotic resistance evolve? How have such small and simple organisms managed to repeatedly outpace our drugs? The process is quite simply evolution by natural selection — but bacteria have a few secret weapons that give them an edge. Imagine a population of bacteria infecting a patient in a hospital. The patient is treated with an antibiotic. The drug kills most of the bacteria but there are a few individual bacteria that happen to carry a gene that allows them to survive the onslaught of antibiotic. These survivors reproduce, passing on the gene for resistance to their offspring, and soon the patient is populated by an antibiotic resistant infection — one that not only affects the original patient but that can also be passed on to other patients in the hospital.

24. What can we do?
A strategy being considered for use in hospitals called cycling. The idea is simple: doctors in a hospital would cycle through antibiotics, prescribing a particular antibiotic for period of time and then switching to a new one. Researchers and clinicians thought that cycling would reduce levels of antibiotic resistance because the bacteria would not have time to evolve to keep up with the changing drugs — just as a resistant strain for Drug #1 evolves and spreads, along comes Drug #2, and strains resistant to Drug #1 no longer have any advantage.

25. What is your opinion?

26. PBS video clip
rs/lessons/lesson6/act1.html

27. Homework
Read the article and answer the following questions. This sheet must be attached to page 36. I will check this assignment on Monday.

28. Review Page 441, Concept Check 22.1, #2
Page 446, Concept Check 22.2, #1 and #2
Page 451, Concept Check 22.3, #2
Page 458, Concept check 23.1, #1
Page 460, Concept check 23.2, #1 and #2
Page 471, #3, #4, #5, #6

29. Practice Time!

30. Question #1
A bird gains a new mutation that increases the colors of its wings. What would cause this new mutation to increase in frequency?
If the mutation helps the bird survive and reproduce.

31. Question #2 Describe Darwin’s theory of evolution:
All species evolve slowly over time by natural selection
Only the fittest survive
Fitness is ability to survive and pass on genes
Organisms evolve by adaptations

32. Question #3
Why is comparative embryology evidence for Darwin’s theory of evolution?
Proves that we all have the same building blocks and start out looking similar to one another because we share DNA but over time diverge into separate species.

33. Question #4 Give an example of: Tick sucking blood from a human arm
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Tick sucking blood from a human arm
Egret eating bugs from the rhinoceros
Spanish moss hanging on an oak tree

34. Question #5
A moth develops a mutation that changes its coloring to one that blends in with the forest it lives in. How would we expect the population of the moths to grow over the next 5 years? Why?
Increase, because the mutation helps them survive and beat out the predators.

35. Question #6
Draw a cladogram depicting the relationship between the species, humans with the following specie information in the chart.
Species
Percent DNA similarity
Chimpanzee
99.6%
Dog
91.3%
Fruit Fly
74.2%
Roundworm
50.8%

36. CHIMP
HUMANS
DOG
FRUIT FLY
ROUND WORM

37. Where are the simple fossils?

38. Why?
These two organisms a similar body structure, but are not related. Why do they share this same body type?
These animals live in similar environments and to survive, they use their body shape front claws, and nose.

39. Eyeless salamanders have eye sockets because the used to have eyes
Vestigial- no longer used
What type of structure: homologous, analogous or vestigial
Vestigial bc they do not use it anymore

40. Where are the most complex fossils?

41. Fossils Compares two fossils to one another
Uses index fossils to compare
Gives an approximate age
Does not need to be completed in a lab
Gives an actual age
Uses breakdown of radioactive elements
Carbon is commonly used
Completed in a lab
Relative Dating
Radioactive Dating

42. What does this picture represent and why?
Transitional forms because we can see how an organism has evolved over time and the traits that has changed/stayed the same.

43. Name the structure and why:
Homologous, because they all have the same ancestor and the bone structure is similar. The functions of the structures are different from one another.

44. What is the reason for Pangaea breaking apart and separating similar species?
Continental Drift

45. Interpret the Chart
The chart how before antibiotics are administered, there are bacteria that do exhibit resistance. After antibiotics have been taken, the level of resistances increases.

46. Debate Prep