1. Japan

2. Key Concept 4.1. Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
VII. As merchants’ profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts, even for popular audiences, increased. A. Innovations in visual and performing arts (such as Renaissance art in Europe, miniature paintings in the Middle East and South Asia, wood-block prints in Japan or post-conquest codices in Mesoamerica) were seen all over the world.

3. Key Concept 4.2. New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production
II. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial and gender hierarchies. B. The power of existing political and economic elites (such as the zamindars in the Mughal Empire, the nobility in Europe or the daimyo in Japan) fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.

4. Key Concept 4.3. State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion
I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power. A. Visual displays of political power (such as monumental architecture, urban plans, courtly literature or the visual arts) helped legitimize and support rulers.

5. Early Japan An aristocratic family said they were in charge
Wanted to centralize Japan b/c of threat from China
Used Tang policies
Court system
Bureaucracy
Equal-field system
Confucianism and Buddhism
Capital at Nara
Kept Shinto

6. Heian Japan (794-1185) Emperor moved capital to Heian in 794
Emperor was more of a figurehead rather than an actual ruler
Fujiwara family was actually in charge
Keeps imperial house in place even though power changes

7. The Tale of Genji
Written by Murasaki Shikibu, a lady in waiting at Court
Court Life
Imperial prince cultivates refined court life, but shows the emotions of humans throughout the story

8. Decline Equal field system fell apart
Taira and Minamoto clans gained the most land
Went to war with each other and Minamoto clan won
Created shogun
Title given to the person really in charge, but keeps the Imperial court in place
Created a new capital away from Court

9. Medieval Japan (1185-1543) Decentralized feudal system
Provincial lords held power in local regions
Militaristic culture
Samurai
Served provincial lords who provided for them

10. Tokugawa Ieyasu 1543-1616 Reigned as shogun
Temporary stand-in for the emperor
Established a military gov’t
Called bakufu

11. Tokugawa Shoguns ( )
Goal was for stability and avoid civil war
Created longest period of peace and stability in Japanese history
Continued feudal traditions
Had to control the daimyo (like lords)
About 260 in Japan
Had their own provincial gov’t and military
Some gained gunpowder weapons through Europeans

12. Shogun (also daimyo of Edo, Kyoto,
Osaka, and Nagasaki)
Council of Elders
Samurai
Daimyo (260 hans)
Council of Elders
Samurai
Eventually, there were too many samurai, so many because scholar-bureaucrats or ronin.

13. Control of the Daimyo Alternate attendance (called sankin kotai)
Daimyo spent money on housing in Edo
No money to maintain personal military forces
Shoguns started to control marriages
Required daimyo to seek permission from shogun on basic matters

14. Social Classes (Confucian values)
Imperial Court/Shogun
warrior-administrators
peasants/artisans
80% of the population
merchants

15. Social Change Confucian ranking
Ruling elites
Peasants & artisans
Merchants on the bottom
Shoguns moved daimyo and samurai into gov’t positions, which lowered their social ranking
They created a professional military instead
Many daimyo became indebted to rice merchants
Merchants became wealthy and higher ranking

16. Social Classes (not so Confucian values)
Imperial Court/Shogun
Professional military
warrior-administrators
merchants
peasants/artisans/ronin

17. Economic Growth Increased agricultural production
New crops, new irrigation systems, use of fertilizers
Move from subsistence farming to production of cotton, sake, silk, and indigo
Between 1600 and 1700 agricultural production doubled

18. Population Growth 1600’s population increased 1/3
Most families practiced population control to maintain raising standards of living
Contraception
Late marriages
Abortion
Infanticide
Japan was land poor
Some cities reached 1 million by 18th century

19. Control of Foreigners Edicts Japanese were not to leave Japan
Couldn’t build large ships
No Europeans were allowed in Japan
No import of foreign books
Portuguese were executed when they tried to trade
Did not include Chinese

20. Neo-Confucianism
Formal education began with Chinese language and literature
Justified the shogun system
Some Japanese didn’t like Neo-Confucianism
“ Native Learning” emphasized folk traditions and Shinto religion

21. Popular Culture Merchants in the cities Called ukiyo (floating worlds)
Teahouses
Geisha
Brothels
Theaters
Kabuki
Puppet plays (bunraku)
Wood block prints
Haiku poetry

22. Hakusai’s “Thirty-Seven Views of Mt. Fuji”

23. Christianity Francis Xavier Daimyo who converted forced
their subjects to as well
1580s-150,000 Christians
,000 Christians
Anti-Christian campaign
Decrees
Executed believers

24. Dutch Learning Nagasaki was the only place anyone could trade
Dutch taught medicine, science, and astronomy
Japanese started to compare Chinese science/medicine to western learning
Realized much of Chinese info incorrect
1720, Japan lifted the ban on foreign books, except those about Christianity