1. REVIEW SLIDES

2. NOTE:
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3. Chapter 18
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4. The salivary glands are considered to be _____________ organs of digestion.

5. The salivary glands are considered to be _accessory___ organs of digestion.

6. The organs that are part of the gastrointestinal tract are

7. The organs that are part of the gastrointestinal tract are mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

8. The organs that are part of the gastrointestinal tract are

9. The organs that are part of the gastrointestinal tract are mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

10. Proteins are made up of _____________ and are digested by enzymes called _____________.

11. Proteins are made up of _amino acids__ and are digested by enzymes called _proteases_.

12. Triglycerides are made up of ______________ and _____________ ___________s and are digested by enzymes called _______________.

13. Triglycerides are made up of __glycerol _ and ______fatty_ ___acid_s and are digested by enzymes called _____lipases___.

14. DNA and RNA are made up of monomers called _________________________ and they are digested by enzymes called __________________.

15. DNA and RNA are made up of monomers called __________nucleotides____ and they are digested by enzymes called ______nucleases___.

16. A zymogen is an __________________ enzyme.

17. A zymogen is an ___inactive_______ enzyme.

18. The buffering agent produced by the pancreas is ___________________ ion.

19. The buffering agent produced by the pancreas is ____bicarbonate____ ion.

20. Another term for the microvilli found on the lining of the epithelium of a villus is __________________ border.

21. Another term for the microvilli found on the lining of the epithelium of a villus is ________brush____ border.

22. The breakdown of polymers (such as starch, protein, triglyceride) occurs through reactions in which water is added. These are called ______________ reactions.

23. The breakdown of polymers (such as starch, protein, triglyceride) occurs through reactions in which water is added. These are called _hydrolysis____ reactions.

24. Carboxypeptidase is an enzyme that digests ___________________.

25. Carboxypeptidase is an enzyme that digests ____proteins_______.

26. Trypsinogen is

27. Trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin, a protease.

28. Trypsinogen is cleaved by an enzyme called ___________________ and becomes trypsin.

29. Trypsinogen is cleaved by an enzyme called ____enterokinase__ and becomes trypsin.

30. Enterokinase is one of the enzymes produced by the ______________ ______________ of the intestinal epithelium.

31. Enterokinase is one of the enzymes produced by the brush border of the intestinal epithelium.

32. Another term for chewing is _________________.

33. Another term for chewing is __mastication__.

34. Another term for swallowing is ______________________.

35. Another term for swallowing is ___deglutition______.

36. Describe these waves

37. Slow waves are produced by ICC cells Smooth muscle cells respond by opening
Ca2+ channels and depolarizing, then contracting.

38. ”Impaired glucose tolerance” refers to

39. ”Impaired glucose tolerance” refers to a glucose tolerance tests
”Impaired glucose tolerance” refers to a glucose tolerance tests. For this test, patients are given a high glucose solution. Two hours later their blood glucose levels are measured. If their glucose is in the range of 140 – 200 mg/dL, this suggests prediabetes. Normal glucose is lower than 110 mg/dL. A value over 200 mg/dL indicates diabetes milletus.

40. The pH optimum of pepsin is ______________.

41. The pH optimum of pepsin is ____2-3__.

42. The pH optimum of trypsin is _________.

43. The pH optimum of trypsin is ___8______.

44. The pH optimum of amylase is ________.

45. The pH optimum of amylase is ____7-8____.

46. Describe the affect of boiling an enzyme on enzyme activity

47. Describe the affect of boiling an enzyme on enzyme activity
denatures

48. How would digestion and absorption of food affect metabolic rate?

49. How would digestion and absorption of food affect metabolic rate
How would digestion and absorption of food affect metabolic rate? Increase.

50. What is the function of bile?

51. What is the function of bile? fat emulsification

52. Define anabolism and catabolism

53. Anabolism means to build up whereas catabolism means to break down.

54. Explain intrinsic vs. extrinsic regulation of the GI tract

55. Explain intrinsic vs. extrinsic regulation of the GI tract Intrinsic refers to the control by the enteric nervous system, whereas extrinsic refers to hormonal control and autonomic control by higher brain centers.

56. Explain the functions of intestinal hormones

57. Explain the functions of intestinal hormones
CCK controls bile and fat digestion
Secretin stimulates pancreatic secretions

58. Explain the regulation of gastric acid secretion.

59. Cephalic phase: Regulation of Acid Secretion
Sight, smell, thoughts
of food
Vagus stimulation of G cells  gastrin  stimulates ECL cells  histamine  H2 receptor on parietal cells  HCl
Vagus stimulation of ECL cells directly

60. The accessory organs of digestion are

61. The accessory organs of digestion are pancreas, liver, gall bladder

62. The primary effect of glucagon is

63. The primary effect of glucagon is to mobilize glucose reserves for energy

64. The _________________________nerve innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve. It is a nerve with a solely motor function.

65. The ___hypoglossal___________nerve innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve. It is a nerve with a solely motor function.
Hypoglossal nerve = Cranial Nerve XII

66. Explain the cephalic regulation of gastric acid secretion.

67. Cephalic phase: Regulation of Acid Secretion
Sight, smell, thoughts
of food
Vagus stimulation of G cells  gastrin  stimulates ECL cells  histamine  H2 receptor on parietal cells  HCl
Vagus stimulation of ECL cells directly

68. The accessory organs of digestion are

69. The accessory organs of digestion are pancreas, liver, gall bladder

70. The primary effect of glucagon is

71. The primary effect of glucagon is to mobilize glucose reserves for energy

72. The _________________________nerve innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve. It is a nerve with a solely motor function.

73. The ___hypoglossal___________nerve innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve. It is a nerve with a solely motor function.
Hypoglossal nerve = Cranial Nerve XII