1. Female Reproduction

2. Goals
To recognize the locations and functions of the female reproductive system

3. SWBAT
Complete a PG on the Female reproductive system to 100% under a fixed time limit.
Students will complete an online quiz to 100% of the functions of the female reproductive system under a fixed time limit.

4. Anatomy

5. Ovaries
The ovaries are two oval-shaped organs that lie on either side of the uterus and contain hundreds of thousands of eggs.
The ovaries also produce female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

6. Ovum and Ovulation
Each month the organ that the ovaries produces a mature an egg, or ovum, and release it into the fallopian tubes in the process called ovulation.

7. Knowledge Check Q1: What is produced in the ovaries?
A: mature eggs and hormones
Q2: What is a matured egg cell called?
A: ovum
Q3: What term describes the release of the mature egg form the ovary?
A: ovulation

8. Fallopian Tubes The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus.
Once the egg is in the fallopian tube, tiny hairs in the tube's lining help push the egg down the narrow passageway toward the uterus.
Also, called the “oviducts”
If sperm are present at the same time as the egg, then the egg would get fertilized while in the fallopian tube.

9. Normal fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes (oviducts)

10. Fimbria
At the other end of each fallopian tube is a fringed area that looks like a funnel and is called fimbria.
When an egg pops out of an ovary during ovulation, the fimbria help sweep the egg into the fallopian tube.

11. Outside the Fallopian Tube
Yes, it's  possible for fertilization to occur in the uterus but it is unlikely to lead to conception, since unfertilized eggs begin to degenerate as soon as they reach the uterus, making it soon unsuitable for healthy fertilization. Even if it is fertilized, the egg requires 5 days of subdivision to achieve the implantable (to the uterine lining) blastocyst stage , which is usually too long to overcome.

12. Stuck in the Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)
Occassionally the fertilized egg will not make the journey out of the fallopian tube into the uterus, causing an ectopic pregnancy which is dangerous to the mother and usually normally not result in a viable pregnancy.

13. Uterus
The uterus, also known as the woman’s womb, has a thick lining and muscular walls - some of the strongest muscles in the female body.
These muscles are able to expand and contract to accommodate a growing fetus and then help push the baby out during labor.

14. Knowledge Check
Q4: In what part of the system will the egg get fertilized by the sperm cell?
A: fallopian tube
Q5: What structure sweeps the egg into the in the in the fallopian tube?
A: fimbria
Q6: In what part of the system does the baby grow?
A: uterus

15. Uterine Lining
Each month, the uterus will develop a uterine lining, which is thick and rich with blood.
A fertilized egg can attach to the uterine lining and absorb its nutrients.

16. Menstruation
If the egg does not get fertilized, the blood supply to the uterus is cut off and the lining breaks away from the wall and flows out of the body in the form of blood and tissue which is called menstruation, or period.

17. Knowledge Check
Q7: Why does the fertilized egg attach to the uterine lining?
A: to absorb its nutrients
Q8: What happens to an egg that does not get fertilized?
A: It leaves the body with the uterine lining during menstruation, or the period

18. Cervix
The cervix connects the uterus with the vagina. It has strong, thick walls with a very thin opening, which is why a tampon can usually never get lost inside a girl's body.
During childbirth, the cervix can expand to allow a baby to pass.

19. Ostiums or Orifice
The opening into the uterus is called the internal os, and the opening into the vagina is called the external os.
The lower part of the cervix, known as the vaginal portion of the cervix (or ectocervix), bulges into the top of the vagina.
Ostium is any opening into a vessel or cavity of the body.

20. Vagina
The vagina, also called the birth canal, is a hollow muscular structure that extends from the vaginal opening to the uterus.
It can expand and contract to accommodate something as slim as a tampon and as wide as a baby.
Functions of vagina:
sexual intercourse
pathway for baby during childbirth
route for menstrual blood to leave the body.

21. Fetal Life-Support System: 4 Extraembryonic Membranes
 Yolk Sac, Placenta, Umbilical Cord, & Amniotic Sac. The baby will develop inside your uterus with the help of a fetal life-support system composed of the placenta, the umbilical cord, and the amniotic sac (which is filled with amniotic fluid).

22. Yolk Sac – highly debated topic
The Human yolk sac has long been considered a vestigial organ, an evolutionary remnant. In the last decade, however, it has been discovered that the human yolk sac plays an active and crucial role during organogenesis.
Due to an absent maternal circulation during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, the yolk sac plays an essential role by its active and passive transport to the embryo, and by its production and providing of necessary substances and of the concept of transport of nutrients and oxygen to the embryo.
All mammals and birds have functional yolk sacs.

23. Yolk Sac Continued…
The yolk sac is attached outside the developing embryo and is connected to the umbilical cord by a yolk stalk.
This yolk sac acts as the preliminary circulatory system and is eventually absorbed and digested into the gut of the embryo for its nutrients, that will soon be supplied by the mother.
Therefore not apart of the after birth.

25. Placenta
Two temporary organs that joins the mother and fetus, fetomaternal organ, transferring oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and permitting the release of carbon dioxide and waste products from the fetus.
The placenta is roughly disk-shaped, and at full term it measures about 7 inches in diameter and slightly less than 2 inches thick. The upper surface of the placenta is smooth, and the under surface is rough. The placenta is rich in blood vessels.
The placenta is expelled with the fetal membranes during the birth process; together, these structures form the afterbirth.

26. Continued…
The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion.  
The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. 
The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell.
After conception, the fertilized egg (now called the blastocyst) needs to find a way to use mom's nutrients. It meanders out of your Fallopian tube and enters the uterus searching for the uterine wall.

27. Continued, butt Dangerous…
This trip is the most dangerous trip any human being ever takes, because if the blastocyst does not implant successfully within 7 days of conception, the uterine lining will shed and you'll never even know you were pregnant.
If it does, the placenta will begin to form at the point of attachment. Generally, the placenta starts to develop about a week after conception.

28. Continued…
 A rare, errant egg wandering down into the abdominal cavity could be fertilized there, leading to an abdominal pregnancy. Of course, fertilization can also occur in a test tube. 
If no sperm is around to fertilize the egg, it moves through the uterus and disintegrates. Your hormone levels go back to normal. Your body sheds the thick lining of the uterus, and your period starts.  

29. Embilical Cord
The cord that connects the developing fetus with the placenta while the fetus is in the uterus.
The umbilical arteries and vein run within this cord.
The umbilical cord is clamped and cut at birth, and its residual tip forms the bellybutton. Innies or outies… unfortunately, parents choice.

30. Amniotic Sac
The amniotic sac is a bag of fluid inside a woman's womb (uterus) where the unborn baby develops and grows. It's sometimes called the 'membranes', because the sac is made of two membranes called the amnion and the chorion.
Baby’s development occurs inside the amniotic sac

31. Amniotic Fluid with an “n” not a “b”
The amniotic sac is filled with clear, pale straw-coloured fluid, in which the unborn baby floats and moves. The amniotic fluid helps to cushion the baby from bumps and injury, as well as providing them with fluids that they can breathe and swallow.
It also helps the baby's musculoskeletal system to develop and maintains a constant temperature for the baby.
Without amniotic fluid, your baby is no longer protected and is at risk of infection and injury..

32. Continued..
The amniotic sac starts to form and fill with fluid within days of a woman conceiving. Amniotic fluid is mainly water.
From about week 10 of pregnancy and onwards, the unborn baby passes tiny amounts of urine into the fluid.
The amount of amniotic fluid increases gradually during pregnancy until about week 38, when it reduces slightly until the baby is born.
Without amniotic fluid, your baby is no longer protected and is at risk of infection.

33. Knowledge Check Q9: What role does the cervix play in childbirth?
A: it expands (dilates) to allow the baby to pass from the uterus and into the vagina
Q10: What is another term used for the vagina?
A: birth canal
Q11: What temporary organs joins the mother and fetus?
Answer: Fetomaternal placenta.

34. Knowledge Check
Q12: What are the three major purposes of amniotic fluid? Answer: it protects the fetus physically, it provides room for fetal movements and growth, and helps to regulate fetal body temperature and cushioning for protection. Q13: What connects the developing fetus with the placenta? Answer: umbilical cord

35. Knowledge Check
Q14: Innys and outies are formed by? Answer: umbilical cord is clamped at the exterior connection to the fetus and cut at birth, and its residual tip forms the bellybutton (innies are economic and cultural) Q15: All temporary organs dealing with fetal development are expelled at birth. They commonly called and consist of… Answer: afterbirth; placenta, umbilical cord and amniotic sac and fluid. ;

36. Knowledge Check
Q15: We can also trace mankind’s evolutionary tree the and our close relationship to birds by the reproduction membrane of the.
a. yolk sac
b. placenta
c. umbilical cord
d. amniotic sac
e. fallopian temporal occipital transverse distal
naso-membrane

37. What is That?
Q12
Q13
Q11

38. External Genitalia collectively called the “Vulva”

39. Labia
Major and Minor
Folds of skin and adipose (fat) tissue or sometimes referred to vaginal lips.
Their function is to cover and protect the inner, more delicate and sensitive structures of the vulva, such as the labia minora, clitoris, urinary orifice, and vaginal orifice.

40. Clitoris
a small projection of erectile tissue in the vulva of the female reproductive system. It contains thousands of nerve endings that make it an extremely sensitive organ. Touch stimulation of the nerve endings in the clitoris produces evolutionary sexual urges to induce propogation.
The clitoris is structurally and functionally homologous to the penis of the male reproductive system, except that the clitoris does not contain the urethra and plays no role in urination.

41. Labia Minor
a pair of thin cutaneous folds that form part of the vulva, or external female genitalia. They function as protective structures that surround the clitoris, urinary orifice, and vaginal orifice.
Medial to the to the labia major

42. Labia Major
Their function is to cover and protect the inner, more delicate and sensitive structures of the vulva, such as the labia minora, clitoris, urinary orifice, and vaginal orifice.
Folds of skin and adipose (fat) tissue
They are lateral to the libia minor