1. Culture

2. What is culture? Culture
The values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that together, form a people’s way of life.
Non-material culture: The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society.
Material culture: The tangible things created by members of a society.
Cultural shock
Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.

3. What is culture? Nation Society
A political entity that is, a territory with specific borders, like Pakistan etc
Society
The organized interaction of people in a nation or within some other boundary.
Relatively independent human group which occupies a territory, shares a culture, and has most of its associations within the group.

4. Non-human Social Organization
Different from human society
Non-human social life tends to be uniform and unchanging whereas human social life is constantly changing
Non-human social life is based on instincts whereas human social life is based on drives
Non-humans use sounds but humans use language for communication

5. Components of Culture Symbols
Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share culture. Symbols vary with culture.
Language
System of symbols that allow people to communicate with one another.
Means of cultural transmission, Distinctive feature of humans, Language shapes perception of reality
Values, beliefs
Values: Culturally defined standards which serve as broad guideline for social living. Ideas about importance and unimportance of experiences
Beliefs: specific statements that people hold to be true.
Value conflicts

6. Components of Culture Norms
Generally acceptable ways of doing things. Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.
Classification of norms
Folkways: norms for routine, casual interactions, which are followed as a matter of good manners and polite behavior.
Mores: Strong ideas of right and wrong which require certain acts and forbid others (taboos). Those which must be followed because they are believed essential to group welfare.

7. Components of Culture Ideal culture What is expected to exist
What should be there
Real culture
What actually exists
What is there
Social Control
Various means by which members of society encourage conformity to norms.
Material culture & technology
Artifacts reflect cultural values.

8. Cultural Diversity High culture
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite.
Popular culture
Cultural patterns that are wide spread among a society’s population.
Subculture
Cluster of patterns which are both related to the general culture of the society and yet are distinguishable from it
Counter culture
Subcultures which are in active opposition to the dominant culture
Multiculturalism
Recognizing cultural diversity and promoting the equality of all cultural traditions.

9. Cultural Change Causes of cultural change
Invention, discovery, diffusion
Social institutions
Organized clusters of folkways and mores dealing with highly important activities are called social institutions
Basic institutions
Family, Religion, Government, Education, Economy
Cultural integration
Closed relationship among various elements of the cultural system.
Culture is an integrated system in which each part fits into the rest of the culture
Cultural lag
The fact that some cultural patterns change more quickly than others, which may disrupt a cultural system.

10. Cultural Change Ethnocentrism
Practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.
Effects of Ethnocentrism:
Promotes nationalism, patriotism, loyalty, unity and boosts morale.
Protects against change (negative or positive)
Xenocentrism
Preference for the foreign. Exact opposite of ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism
Practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards.

11. Limitations to global culture Culture and human freedom
Global economy
Global communication
Global migration
Limitations to global culture
Culture and human freedom
Culture as constraint
Culture as freedom