1. Psychopathology

2. NORMAL ABNORMAL What do we mean by normal?
Is it easy to identify abnormality?
NORMAL ABNORMAL

3. Starter ACTIVITY: NORMAL OR ABNORMAL ? Picking your nose
Read out each statement and students have to move to either the right side of the room (normal behaviour) or left side of the room (abnormal behaviour)
They decide and explain if the following behaviours are normal or abnormal 
Picking your nose
dancing on tables
bloke wearing a dress
smiling
screaming in a lesson
paedophilia
getting depressed
worshiping the moon
marrying your pet
eating dinner
walking barefoot in the street
dressing up as a penguin
going to university aged 10
eating with your fingers
burping out loud
laughing out hysterically
Believe that you talk to spirits
NORMAL OR
ABNORMAL ?
Lesson 1 : 10 minutes

4. Normal or abnormal? HOW WOULD YOU HAVE FELT ?

5. Learning Objectives E-D
define what is meant by the key term: psychopathology
C-B
describe definitions of abnormality
Apply the definitions of abnormality to novel scenarios
A-A*
consider the difficulties surrounding the ways in which psychologists identify abnormal behaviour

6. What is psychopathology?
“Psycho” refers to “mind”
“Pathology” refers to “disease”
It is the field of study that deals with mental, emotional and behavioural problems.
It involves research into the classification, diagnosis, causation, prevention and
treatment of psychological disorders.

7. Psychopathology
It is extremely difficult to define what is meant by abnormality…
The word abnormal literally
means deviating from the
average (norm).
So, any rare behaviour or
ability would be abnormal.

8. LO: To understand definitions of abnormality
Possible essay question: Describe and evaluate two ways of defining abnormality (12 marks)
Paper 1: Introductory Topics in Psychology for A level Year 1 OR Paper 2: Psychology in Context for AS

9. Paper 2: Psychology in Context for AS

10. Explanation: Failure to function adequately
A definition of abnormality based on an inability to cope with day-to-day life caused by psychological distress or discomfort which may lead to harm of self or others. 10 10

11. Explanation: Failure to function adequately
This definition of abnormality focuses on the everyday behaviour of the person
We wake up in the morning, get dressed and go to work
Adults have a family to support and relationships to maintain
When someone deviates from this normal pattern of behaviour then they are failing to function adequately

12. 2. When a person experiences severe personal distress
Task
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality : Failure to function adequately (FFA)
All: Pupils will be able to outline the definition of FFA (D-C)
Most: Pupils will be able to describe the definition of FFA with examples and provide brief evaluation (C-B)
Some: Pupils will be able to evaluate FFA as a definition of abnormality (A-A*)
Stretch: To compare and contrast the three definitions of abnormality covered so far
Rosenhan and Seligman (1989) proposed some signs that can be used to determine when someone is not coping…
Act the sign for
The rest of the
Class to guess!
1. When a person no longer conforms to standard interpersonal rules e.g. respecting personal space
2. When a person experiences severe personal distress
3. When a person’s behaviour becomes irrational or dangerous to themselves or others

13. Task 1 Task 3 Steal, SHARE OR support!
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (3): Failure to function adequately (FFA)
All: Pupils will be able to outline the definition of FFA (D-C)
Most: Pupils will be able to describe the definition of FFA with examples and provide brief evaluation (C-B)
Some: Pupils will be able to evaluate FFA as a definition of abnormality (A-A*)
Stretch: To compare and contrast the three definitions of abnormality covered so far
Steal, SHARE OR support!
Each table will be given an evaluation point. You have 5 minutes to develop your point into PEEL paragraphs.
Then you will be given the option to steal, share or support.
You will need at least THREE evaluation points!
STEAL: Take another person’s evaluation point for your own notes.
SHARE: Swap evaluation points.
SUPPORT: Help the other person further elaborate their point.

14. What may seem maladaptive to us may be adaptive to the individual.
Evaluation
What may seem maladaptive to us may be adaptive to the individual.
Attention?
Money? Job?

15. Who judges what functioning adequately is?
Evaluation
Who judges what functioning adequately is?
Does the individual decide?
Or does the outside world?
The Yorkshire Ripper
Behaved violently under the delusion that he was defending himself and others from evil

16. Evaluation
Can you really apply ideas of functioning in one culture to another culture?
Cultural relativism
In the UK, which ethnicities do you think are diagnosed the most with having a mental disorder? Why do you think this is?

17. Evaluation
Exceptions to the rule – stressful experiences may result in uncharacteristic and inadequate behaviour
But does this constitute as ‘abnormal’?
Examples…

18. Is it simply a deviation from social norms?
Evaluation
Is it simply a deviation from social norms?
Are these people’s maladaptive ways making them ‘abnormal’?

19. Evaluation
Who decides what is meant by ‘failure to function adequately’? [The individual or others?]
Some dysfunctional behaviours maybe seen as adaptive and functional for the individual [Eating disorders and depression may lead to extra attention]
Unusual behaviour may be a coping strategy for those who are experiencing a difficult period in their lives
Ideas relating to ‘functioning adequately’ are culturally relative. You cannot use the standard of one culture to judge or measure the behaviour of another

20. Deviation from ideal mental health

21. All: Pupils will be able to outline what constitutes as ideal mental health (D-C)
Most: Pupils will be able to describe the definition of deviation from ideal mental health with examples and provide brief evaluation (C-B)
Some: Pupils will be able to evaluate deviation from ideal mental health as a definition of abnormality (A-A*)
Stretch: To compare and contrast definitions of abnormality
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (4): Deviation from ideal mental health
Possible essay question: Describe and evaluate two ways of defining abnormality (12/16 marks)
Paper 1: Introductory Topics in Psychology for A level Year 1 OR Paper 2: Psychology in Context for AS

22. Marie jahoda (1958): ideal mental health
Task
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (4): Deviation from ideal mental health
Marie jahoda (1958): ideal mental health
Marie Jahoda (1958) states that we define physical illness by looking at what is different from ideal physical health. I.e. correct temperature, correct blood pressure
SO WHY NOT DO THE SAME FOR MENTAL ILLNESS
SEE IT AS A DOCTOR APPROACH TO DEFINING ABNORMALITY!
Not having ideal mental health, so for example seeing things that aren’t real or having a negative self-concept

23. Task Marie jahoda (1958): ideal mental health
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality: Deviation from ideal mental health
Marie jahoda (1958): ideal mental health
We are in good mental health if we meet this criteria:
Self attitudes: positive self esteem and a strong sense of identity
Personal growth and self actualisation: the extent to which an individual reaches their full potential
Integration: ability to cope with stress
Autonomy: being independent
Perception of reality
Mastery of the environment: particularly relationships
S&C: How does this definition compare to FFA?
The absence of this criteria indicates abnormality and potential mental disorder.
TASK: Create an acronym for this criteria to help you remember it for the exam!

24. Is Denise lacking any of the criteria?
Self-actualisation of one’s potential Personal autonomy Positive attitudes towards the self Environmental mastery Accurate perception of reality Resistance to stress
Is Denise lacking any of the criteria?

25. Which one is lacking the criteria for ideal mental health?
Which one is lacking the criteria for ideal mental health?

26. Review Task 1 PROGRESS QUESTION! Exam Practice FEEDBACK YOUR IDEAS!
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (4): Deviation from ideal mental health
PROGRESS QUESTION!
FEEDBACK YOUR IDEAS!
What makes ‘ideal mental health’?
THINKING SKILLS!
Have a go at answering the exam question on your whiteboard
Exam Practice

27. SELF-ASSESS YOUR ANSWER!
Review
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (4): Deviation from ideal mental health
PROGRESS QUESTION!
APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE!
Have a go at answering the exam question on y.
SELF-ASSESS YOUR ANSWER!
What makes ‘ideal mental health’?
Exam Practice

28. Task Criteria Abnormal Ideal Broad Mental Criteria Culture Members
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (4): Deviation from ideal mental health
All: Pupils will be able to outline what constitutes as ideal mental health (D-C)
Most: Pupils will be able to describe the definition of deviation from ideal mental health with examples and provide brief evaluation (C-B)
Some: Pupils will be able to evaluate deviation from ideal mental health as a definition of abnormality (A-A*)
Stretch: To compare and contrast definitions of abnormality
CHALLENGE!
1) Who can achieve all these criteria? Is it unrealistic?
Criteria
Abnormal
Ideal
2) It is a comprehensive definition.
Broad
Mental
Criteria
3) What about cultural relativism?
Culture
Members
Groups
TASK: PEEL the evaluation points using p137. S&C: WITHOUT using the keywords on the right

29. All: Pupils will be able to identify what statistical deviation is as a definition of abnormality (D-C)
Most: Pupils will be able to describe a normal distribution curve and apply to definitions of abnormality (C-B)
Some: Pupils will be able to evaluate statistical deviation as a definition of abnormality (A-A*)
Stretch: To calculate percentages (RM link)
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (1): Statistical Deviation
Possible essay question: Describe and evaluate two ways of defining abnormality (12/16 marks)
Paper 1: Introductory Topics in Psychology for A level Year 1 OR Paper 2: Psychology in Context for AS
LESSON 2

30. If it is statistically unusual, then it is classed as abnormal
Task 1
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (1): Statistical Deviation
If it is statistically unusual, then it is classed as abnormal
Annotate your graph!
STATISTICAL DEVIATION
Occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic, for example being more depressed or less intelligent than most of the population
What does the graph show?
What is considered as ‘normal’?
What is considered as ‘abnormal’?
Where would the mean, median and mode lie on the graph?
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
A symmetrical spread of frequency data that forms a bell-shaped pattern. The mean, median and mode are all located at the highest peak

31. Task 2
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (1): Statistical Deviation
normal
Mean, Median and Mode would lie in the centre of the normal distribution curve
abnormal
abnormal
S&C: Does having a high IQ make you ‘abnormal’?
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY DISORDER

32. 4. Statistical Infrequency
The normal distribution curve shows the majority of people as being in the middle - these people are defined as ‘normal’.
Relatively few people fall at either end. However, if they are then they are defined as ‘abnormal’.
Example:
Calories consumed in one day.

33. Developing evaluation… S&C: Complete the brain teaser!
Task 3
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (1): Statistical Deviation
All: Pupils will be able to identify what statistical deviation is as a definition of abnormality (D-C)
Most: Pupils will be able to describe a normal distribution curve and apply to definitions of abnormality (C-B)
Some: Pupils will be able to evaluate statistical deviation as a definition of abnormality (A-A*)
Stretch: To calculate percentages (RM link)
Developing evaluation…
Use the sentence starters and page 135 in the textbook to develop each of the evaluation points. Remember PEEL!
You will need THREE evaluation points per definitions so make sure you complete all three!
S&C: Complete the brain teaser!
A strength of the statistical deviation definition is that it has real-life application in the diagnosis of intellectual disability disorder…
However, unusual characteristics can be positive! (Link to high IQ – is treatment required?!)
Another problem with statistical deviation is that it can label people; not everyone unusual benefits from being labelled…

34. Starter
Self-assessment
Exam Practice

35. Outline one criticism of statistical deviation (3 marks)
Starter
Self-assessment
Outline one criticism of statistical deviation (3 marks)
Mark
Description 3
Evaluation is relevant and well explained. The answer in clear and concise and specialist terminology is used effectively 2
There is some relevant evaluation but there may be some omissions/lack of detail. There is some appropriate use of specialist terminology 1
There is a brief attempt to evaluate. The answer is poorly organised and specialist terminology is either absent or inappropriately used
Exam Practice

36. All: Pupils will be able to identify what social norms are and outline one definition of abnormality (D-C)
Most: Pupils will be able to describe deviation from social norms as a definition of abnormality with examples(C-B)
Some: Pupils will be able to evaluate deviation from social norms as a definition of abnormality (A-A*)
Stretch: To compare and contrast to statistical deviation
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (2): Deviation from social norms
Possible essay question: Describe and evaluate two ways of defining abnormality (12/16 marks)
Paper 1: Introductory Topics in Psychology for A level Year 1 OR Paper 2: Psychology in Context for AS

37. What are ‘social norms’?
Task 1
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (2): Deviation from social norms
What are ‘social norms’?
Identify five behaviours that are considered as social norms in our society.
What is the difference between ‘eccentric’ behaviour and ‘deviating from social norms’?
Why might we consider behaving according to ‘social norms’ a good thing?
S&C: Is deviating from social norms always a bad thing?
DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS
Concerns behaviour that is different from the accepted standards in a community or society

38. Complete the gap fill… LITERACY LINK!
Task 2
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (2): Deviation from social norms
Complete the gap fill…
Most of us notice people whose behaviour is a _________ from social norms, i.e. when a person behaves in a way that is ____________ from how we __________ people to behave. Groups of people (hence ‘social’) choose to define behaviour as _______ on the basis that it offends their sense of what is ___________ or the norm. We are making collective judgment as a society about what is __________.
However, those social norms may be different for each generation and every ________, so there are relatively few behaviours that would be considered __________ abnormal on the basis that they breach social norms.
DEVIATION
LITERACY LINK!
DIFFERENT
EXPECT
ABNORMAL
ACCEPTABLE
RIGHT
CULTURE
UNIVERSALLY

39. DEVIATION
UNIVERSALLY
DIFFERENT
ABNORMAL
RIGHT
ACCEPTABLE
EXPECT CULTURE

40. S&C: How does this definition compare to statistical deviation?
Task 3
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (2): Deviation from social norms
AO3
EVALUATE
Amazon
rainforest uk
Now write up 3x PEEL evaluation paragraphs for this definition of abnormality. Use p135 to help you.
Guess the evaluation point from the images.
What about our
Human rights?
S&C: How does this definition compare to statistical deviation?
then
now

41. Rank the definitions of abnormality YOU MUST JUSTIFY YOUR REASONS!
Plenary
LO: To understand definitions of abnormality (4): Deviation from ideal mental health
Rank the definitions of abnormality
YOU MUST JUSTIFY YOUR REASONS!
worst
best
Deviation from Ideal Mental Health
Deviation from Social Norms
Failure to Function Adequately
Statistical Deviation
All: Pupils will be able to outline what constitutes as ideal mental health (D-C)
Most: Pupils will be able to describe the with examples and provide brief evaluation (C-B)
Some: Pupils will be able to evaluate defintions (A-A*)
Stretch: To compare and contrast definitions of abnormality