1. PHYLOGENY and the TREE of LIFE
Chapter 26

2. Phylogeny and Systematics
Phylogeny -- Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species; attempts to trace macroevolution.
Macroevolution – Origins of broader groups of organisms; studied in relation to major events of environmental change.
Systematics -- Study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context.
Current biological diversity reflects past episodes of speciation and macroevolution.
Taxonomy – Component of systematics which includes identification and classification of species.

3. Taxonomy and Classification
System used today was developed by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century.
Two main features: 1) sort and name separate species, and 2) organize them into categories based on relationships.
Binomial nomenclature: Two-part Latin name unique to each species.
Ex: Genus Felis includes many species of related organisms (cats).
Species Felis silvestris; Felis lynx; Felis leo.

4. Broader categories of classification
Kingdom
Phylum (phyla, plural)
Class
Order
Family
Genus (genera, pl)
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae
Canis
Canis familiaris

5. Kingdoms 5 kingdom system Monera (bacteria)
Protista (algae and protozoans)
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
6 kingdom system
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

7. Tools of Taxonomy
Outward similarities; embryonic development; life cycle stages.
Homology – similarities due to common ancestry.
But superficial features don’t always reflect evolutionary relationships.
Analogy -- Similarities due to convergent evolution, not common ancestry.
Convergent evolution -- Similar characteristics due to sharing similar ecological roles; natural selection shapes adaptations.

8. Homologous Structures

9. Convergent Evolution

10. DNA Sequencing

11. Cladogram