1. Halftone
Highlight
Deep Shadow
Reflected Light
Cast Shadow
Value Scale

2. Value: An element of art that refers to luminance or luminosity—the lightness or darkness of a color. This is important in any polychromatic image, but it can be more apparent when an image is monochromatic, as in many drawings, woodcuts, lithographs, and photographs.
a value scale employing a smoothly nuanced gradation of values.
                                                                                                                                           
a value scale — or gray scale — in eight stepped grades of values.
                                                                                                                                                   
And another stepped scale produced by hatching and cross-hatching.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

3. “Knight, Death, and the Devil” Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
Edgar Degas,

4. Pure Contour Drawing: Outline Drawing
The lines and outlines of an object or image.

5. Cross Contour Drawing
Lines which travel, as the name suggests, across the form.
Cross contours may be horizontal or vertical, or both.
In more complex forms, cross-contours will be drawn at varying angles.
the grid of cross-contours looks a bit like the gridlines on a globe or a diagram of a Black Hole in space.

6. Using Cross Contours in Hatching and Shading
Hatching The cross contour lines may be carried all the way around the form, or used in small sections, curved, or straight.
The angle of the hatching as it moves around the form changes according to cross-contour lines.

7. Hatching: Parallel lines that when put closer together or farther apart create a range of values.
Albrecht D殲er ( ) was the first self-conscious artistic genius in Northern Europe art: a painter, draughtsman, printmaker, and theoretician and would-be reformer of the arts. D殲er exploited the new printing technology to disseminate cheap, mass produced prints throughout Europe. In so doing, D殲er combined self promotion and spiritual values, making him the first international superstar.D殲er is sometimes called the German Leonardo because of his intellectual curiosity, but there is this enormous difference: while Leonardo was always looking outward at the great world around him to find out how things worked, D殲er was just as determined to look inward and explore the mystery of the human soul.
Albrecht Durer,

8. Max Beckmann, German, 1914, Self-Portrait
Cross-Hatching: A technique in drawing that uses layers of parallel lines to show value.
Max Beckmann, German, 1914, Self-Portrait

9. “Knight, Death, and the Devil” Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
Edgar Degas,

10. Leondardo Da Vinci, Study of a Womb, c. 1489
Leondardo Da Vinci, Study of a Womb, c. 1489

11. “Knight, Death, and the Devil” Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
Edgar Degas,

12. Still Life with Fruit and Mug

15. Stippling Using dots to create value
Dots closer together create darker values, while dots farther apart create lighter values