1. Classification
SC.912.L.15.6 Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms.
Have students copy the benchmark numbers and the title: theory of evolution on the left side of their journals along with the essential question.
Also pass out pre-printed bellringer at this time
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How have new discoveries helped us to redefine the relationships among organisms?

2. Entrance Ticket
All prokaryotes reproduce asexually, while many eukaryotes can reproduce sexually. Given this information, which statement best explains why the Eukarya domain includes more complex living things than the Archaea or Bacteria domains?
All prokaryotes are unicellular, and all eukaryotes are multicellular.
Prokaryotes can live in more extreme conditions than eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes have a greater variety of genetic material than prokaryotes.
There are more eukaryotic organisms than prokaryotic organisms in the world.

3. Study of Life – Classification What a variety! What similarity!
Diversity of Life
There are so many different creatures on Earth
Why are there differences?
Unity of life
All creatures have similarities
Common characteristics
Why are they so alike?

4. Organizing the world of organisms
The Tree of Life
Model to show how organisms are related
Organized by
structure and function of organism
How they built
How they live
groups of closely related organisms

5. Classification - The Tree of Life
As scientist gain more information the classification system changed

6. Species (most specific)
Domain (most broad)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (most specific)
In 1990, Carl Woese introduced the three domain system for classifying living things, after the advancement of DNA analysis allowed for a comparison of species genetic code. Which of the following is the best explanation for why domains were added to the previous system of classification?
A. The old system of classification was wrong and needed to be corrected.
B. New species are evolving too quickly to keep up with the old system of classification
C. Domains have always been included; they were just made official recently.
D. Some organisms, which were previously characterized together, were determined to be genetically very different.
15. The separation of the Archaebacteria into a separate domain indicates:
A. That these organisms are very different from eubacteria and from eukaryotes
B. That organism should never be classified according to how they appear (morphological characteristics)
C. That early taxonomist rushed to classify them without closely examining them
D. That optical viewing techniques have greatly improved so that we can better view these microorganisms

7. From the BIGGEST to the SMALLEST…
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
The LARGEST of the classification
Categories and consists of 3
subcategories:
1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Eukarya

8. DOMAIN: Archaea live in extreme environments
Single-celled prokaryotes
live in extreme environments
High heat (hydrothermal vents & hot geysers)
High Salt (salt lakes)
Extreme cold (Antarctic waters)
the most ancient creatures living on Earth today

9. DOMAIN: Bacteria Single-celled prokaryotes
Bacteria in less extreme environments; Streptococcus
Most common form of life on Earth
incredible number of different kinds

10. Prokaryotes – Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Both
1st living forms on Earth
Lack a nucleus
Reproduce by binary fission (asexual)
Singled-celled
Autotrophic (photo and chemosynthesis) and heterotrophic
Lack nuclei, mitochondria and other membrane – bound organelles
live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats
4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organisms that make up the Domain Bacteria?
They lack membrane-bound organelles
They are multicellular
They lack a nucleus
They live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats
Bacteria image: 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company What is Life? A Guide to Biology

11. DOMAIN: Eukarya Eukaryotic CELLS!
Contains nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
Can be single or multi-cellular
CONTAINS ALL PLANTS AND ANIMALS
CONTAINS FUNGUS AND PROTISTA

12. The levels of classification by Linnaeus
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
There are 4 Kingdoms in EUKARYA:
1. Protista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia

13. Eukaryotes 2. Fungi 1. Protista Multicellular
Nucleus
Cell wall made of Chitin
Heterotrophic
excrete digestive enzymes through filaments
absorb the nutrients
Reproduction
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction (spores)
Protista means 1st; first with a nucleus (Eukaryotic)
Singled-celled or multicellular
Categories
Plant like – photosynthetic
Animal like – heterotrophic
Fungus like – decomposers
Reproduction
Asexual - Binary fission
Sexual but only under stress
Ameba
Paramecium
Filaments magnified

14. Eukaryotes 3. Plants 4. Animals Multicellular Nucleus
Autotrophic
photosynthetic
Chloroplast containing chlorophyll
Cell wall with cellulose
Sexual reproduction with little asexual
Wide Variety of plant organisms
Multicellular
Nucleus
Heterotrophic (ingestion)
Trend to only sexual reproduction
Wide variety of animals

15. From the BIGGEST to the SMALLEST…
A genus is the grouping of similar organisms of a species.
We talked about our own genus, Homo. This is our grouping of organisms that are similar species.
We are Homo sapiens sapiens.
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

16. From the BIGGEST to the SMALLEST…
A species is the most specific level of classification!
For the modern man….
Homo = the genus
sapiens = the species in the genus
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

18. Classification – Domains & Kingdoms

19. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes
Kingdom Protist
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plant
Kingdom Animal
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Bacteria
Eukaryotes

20. CLADOGRAMS BLUE clade = fish, amphibians, mammals, reptiles
GREEN clade = amphibians, mammals, reptiles
ORANGE clade = mammals, reptiles

21. TIME
SPECIES
DERIVED CHARACTER
NODE

22. What is the most RECENT common ancestor of the Salamander?
TIME
What is the most RECENT common ancestor of the Salamander?
ANSWER: TUNA, because the tuna is closer in TIME.
The oldest common ancestor would be the lancelet.

23. Do the leopard and the tuna share a common ancestor?
TIME
Do the leopard and the tuna share a common ancestor?
ANSWER: YES

24. Which organisms have four walking legs, amniotic eggs and hair?
TIME
Which organisms have four walking legs, amniotic eggs and hair?
ANSWER: the leopard only.

25. Entrance Question– Try Again
All prokaryotes reproduce asexually, while many eukaryotes can reproduce sexually. Given this information, which statement best explains why the Eukarya domain includes more complex living things than the Archaea or Bacteria domains?
All prokaryotes are unicellular, and all eukaryotes are multicellular.
Prokaryotes can live in more extreme conditions than eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes have a greater variety of genetic material than prokaryotes.
There are more eukaryotic organisms than prokaryotic organisms in the world.

26. Entrance Q– Answer
All prokaryotes reproduce asexually, while many eukaryotes can reproduce sexually. Given this information, which statement best explains why the Eukarya domain includes more complex living things than the Archaea or Bacteria domains?
All prokaryotes are unicellular, and all eukaryotes are multicellular.
Prokaryotes can live in more extreme conditions than eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes have a greater variety of genetic material than prokaryotes.
There are more eukaryotic organisms than prokaryotic organisms in the world.

27. EXIT TICKET

28. Classification - You Do
For a long time, algae were considered a part of the plant kingdom. Which statement best explains why most algae are now considered protists and not plants?
A. Some algae are motile.
B. Some algae are unicellular.
C. Algae obtain energy through photosynthesis.
D. Algae do not have organs or specialized tissue.

29. Classification - You Do
Organisms are classified into kingdoms based on their defining characteristics. Which of the following statements correctly compares the animal and plant kingdoms?
Animal cells have chromosomes; plant cells do not.
Animal cells are eukaryotic; plant cells are prokaryotic.
Animal cells lack a cell wall; plant cells have a cell wall.
Animals give off oxygen; plants give off carbon dioxide.

30. Classification – You Do
Many protists are single-celled organisms, as are all bacteria. However, protists and bacteria are in different biological kingdoms. Which of the following comparisons of protists and bacteria is NOT true?
Both protists and bacteria can be motile.
Both protists and bacteria are microorganisms.
Protists are eukaryotes, while bacteria are prokaryotes.
Protists may be photosynthetic, but bacteria cannot be photosynthetic.

31. Classification - You Do Answers
For a long time, algae were considered a part of the plant kingdom. Which statement best explains why most algae are now considered protists and not plants?
A. Some algae are motile.
B. Some algae are unicellular.
C. Algae obtain energy through photosynthesis.
D. Algae do not have organs or specialized tissue.
Correct answer D

32. Classification - You Do Answers
Organisms are classified into kingdoms based on their defining characteristics. Which of the following statements correctly compares the animal and plant kingdoms?
Animal cells have chromosomes; plant cells do not.
Animal cells are eukaryotic; plant cells are prokaryotic.
Animal cells lack a cell wall; plant cells have a cell wall.
Animals give off oxygen; plants give off carbon dioxide.
Correct answer C

33. Classification – You Do Answers
Many protists are single-celled organisms, as are all bacteria. However, protists and bacteria are in different biological kingdoms. Which of the following comparisons of protists and bacteria is NOT true?
Both protists and bacteria can be motile.
Both protists and bacteria are microorganisms.
Protists are eukaryotes, while bacteria are prokaryotes.
Protists may be photosynthetic, but bacteria cannot be photosynthetic.
Correct answer D