1. Microprocessor & Assembly Language
Phiros Mansur Nalakath
Course Coordinator
Jazan University

2. Chapter 2 Part - I Introduction to Computers & Microprocessors
Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

3. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2
Objectives
To understand:-
Types of different Computers
Evolution of Microprocessors
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4. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2
Types of Computers
Mainframe
Super Computer
Mini Computer
Micro Computer
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5. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2
Mainframe
The largest and most powerful computer, designed to work at very high speed
Large data words, typically 64 bits or greater
They have massive amount of memory
Used in military defense control, business data processing, computer graphic display.
Example: IBM 4381
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6. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2
Super Computer
Fastest and most powerful mainframes are called Super Computers
Example: Cray Y-MP/ 832
Used by largest firms, government agencies and universities
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Mini Computer
Scaled-down versions of mainframe Computer, runs slowly and works with smaller data word
Does not have as much memory as mainframe
Used in scientific research and industrial control
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Micro Computer
Small computer
CPU is usually a single microprocessor
Example: Desk top, Lap top, Pam top
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9. Overview of Microcomputer Structure
CPU
I/O
Ports
Memory
ROM RAM
Input Device
Output device
Address Bus
Data Bus
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10. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2
Major Parts
CPU
Memory
Input / Output
Buses:
Address bus
Data bus
Control bus
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11. Central Processing Unit
It controls the operation of computer
The CPU fetches binary-coded instructions from memory
Decodes the instructions into a series of simple actions
Carries out these actions in a sequence of steps
Important components: IP, General purpose register and control bus signal generating circuits
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Memory
It stores the binary codes for the sequences of instructions
It stores binary coded data
Example: ROM, RAM, magnetic / optical disks
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Input / Output
They are used to take in data from outside world or send data to the outside world
I/O devices are connected with microprocessor through I/O ports
Example: Keyboards, video display terminals, printers, modems
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Address Bus
It consists of 16, 20, 24, 32 or 36 parallel unidirectional signal lines
On these lines the CPU sends out the address of the memory location or I/O port that is to be written to or read from
The number of locations that the CPU can address is determined by the number of address lines
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Data Bus
Data bus consists of 8, 16, 32 parallel bidirectional signal lines
Many devices in the system will have their output connected to data bus, but only one device at a time will have its output enabled
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Control Bus
The control bus consists of 4 to 10 parallel signal lines
The CPU sends out signals on the control bus to enable the outputs of addressed memory devices or port devices
Example of control signals: Memory read, Memory write
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Hardware
The name given to the physical devices and circuitry of the computer.
Example:
Keyboard, Monitor, Mouse etc
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Hardware Examples
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Software
Refers to the programs written for the computer
Example:
Operating System (WNDOWS)
Application Programs (like WORD)
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Examples of Software
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Firmware
The term given to the programs stored in ROMs or in other devices which permanently keep their stored information.
Example: BIOS programs
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22. What is a Microprocessor?
Microprocessor is a program controlled semiconductor device (IC) which fetches (from memory), decodes and executes instructions.
It is used as CPU (Central Processing Unit) in computers.
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23. Microprocessor Evolution First Generation
Between 1971 – 1973
PMOS technology, non compatible with TTL
4 bit processors  16 pins
8 and 16 bit processors  40 pins
Due to limitations of pins, signals are multiplexed
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Second Generation
During 1973
NMOS technology  Faster speed, Higher density, Compatible with TTL
4 / 8/ 16 bit processors  40 pins
Ability to address large memory spaces and I/O ports
Greater number of levels of subroutine nesting
Better interrupt handling capabilities
Intel 8085 (8 bit processor)
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Third Generation
During 1978
HMOS technology  Faster speed, Higher packing density
16 bit processors  40/ 48/ 64 pins
Easier to program
Dynamically relatable programs
Processor has multiply/ divide arithmetic hardware
More powerful interrupt handling capabilities
Flexible I/O port addressing
Intel 8086 (16 bit processor
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Fourth Generation
During 1980s
Low power version of HMOS technology (HCMOS)
32 bit processors
Physical memory space 224 bytes = 16 Mb
Virtual memory space 240 bytes = 1 Tb
Floating point hardware
Supports increased number of addressing modes
Intel 80386
Fifth Generation Pentium
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27. Classification of Microprocessor
Microprocessors are classified according to the length of data handled by its ALU at a time Example: 4 – bit, 8 – bit, 16 – bit and 32 – bit microprocessor.
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4-Bit Microprocessor
4004:
4 bit microprocessor
Able to address bit wide memory
Instruction set contained only 45 instructions
It was fabricated using a PMOS technology
Instruction execution rate was 50 KIPs
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8 Bit Microprocessor
8008: 8 bit microprocessor, 16 K bytes memory, 48 instructions.
8080: 500,000 IPS, 64 K bytes memory,
8085:
In 1977, Intel Corporation introduced the last 8 bit microprocessor.
Execution rate 769,230 per second.
Main advantage was internal clock and higher clock frequency.
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16 Bit Microprocessor
8086/8088:
2.5 MIPs, 1 M byte memory
6 byte instruction cache or queue that prefetch a few instructions before execution
80286:
4 MIPs, 16 M byte memory
Almost identical to 8086.
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32 bit microprocessors
80386
First 32 bit microprocessor.
32 bit data and 32 bit memory address.
4 G bytes memory
It included hardware circuitry for memory management.
80486
8 K byte cache memory
Half cycle instruction execution.
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64 bit microprocessors
Pentium
Data bus 64 bit
4 G byte memory
8 K byte data cache and 8 K byte instruction cache
Multimedia execution instructions or MMX
Dual integer processors
The Pentium simultaneously executes two independent instructions using superscalar technology
Floating point processor processes floating point data
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Pentium Pro
21 million transistors, 3 integer units, one floating point unit
16 K byte level 1 cache (8 K byte for data and 8 K byte for instructions) and 256 K level 2 caches
3 execution engines can be configured for 64 G byte memory and it is used with Windows NT operating system for server applications.
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Microprocessor data
Bit:
smallest unit of information
It represents either 1 or 0
Byte:
8 – bits of data
Word:
Data that is handled by a microprocessor at a time
Ex: 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit word
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Reference Books 1. Douglas V. Hall, “Microprocessors and Interfacing ” 2. Barry B. Brey, “The Intel Microprocessors”
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36. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2
Thank You…
Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2