1. Transcription and Translation

2. GENES Portion of a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Includes both introns and exons
The structure and function of the cell is determined by genes that are active (not all genes are active).

3. RNA Single stranded Made of nucleotides
Contains Uracil instead of Thymine
Has Ribose (sugar)

4. Types of RNA mRNA messenger RNA Makes RNA copy of DNA rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
Part of ribosome
tRNA
Transfer RNA
Brings amino acids to ribosome

5. DNA vs. RNA RNA DNA Single stranded Double stranded Bases = A, U, C, G
Sugar = Ribose
Copies DNA, makes protein
DNA
Double stranded
Bases = A, T, C, G
Sugar = Deoxyribose
Carries genetic code

6. Transcription A segment of DNA is copied to mRNA.
Exon: Segment of a gene that codes for protein
Intron: Segment of a gene that is not expressed

7. Steps of Transcription
Gene (DNA) unwinds
Transcription starts at a PROMOTER (where RNA polymerase will attach)
3. RNA POLYMERASE READS DNA, MAKES A MATCHING STRAND OF RNA.

8. 4. RNA detaches from the DNA, introns are removed.
5. mRNA leaves the nucleus

9. Replication vs. Transcription
Replication Transcription
*Makes DNA *Makes RNA
*2 strands made *1 strand made

10. Codon vs. Anticodon
Codon = Sequence of 3 nucleotides on mRNA, codes for an amino acid
Anticodon = sequence of 3 nucleotides on tRNA, is complementary to the codon
Codon

11. Genetic Code 64 codons Code for 20 amino acids and 3 “stop” signals
Start codon:
AUG (methionine)
3 Stop codons
The three “stop” codons are UAA, UAG, UGA

13. Translation
Ribosomes attach to and “read” mRNA, make protein.

14. Steps of Translation 1. tRNA binds to the “start” codon. Ribosome:
2. attaches to mRNA
3. matches tRNA with mRNA codon.
4. removes amino acid from tRNA.

15. Steps of Translation (cont.)
5. A bond forms between amino acids. A polypeptide chain is formed. Process continues until a stop codon is reached.
6. Ribosome releases the polypeptide chain which will fold to form a protein.

17. Protein Shape
The shape of the protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids.
The shape of the protein determines its function.
If the order of the codons is changed, the resulting protein is changed (may not be functional).

18. Transcription/Translation Videos
Crash Course:
Bozeman:

19. Transcription/Translation Practice