1. Consequences of WWII

2. African Americans in WWII
Segregation in the Armed Forces
Double “V” Campaign
“Victory at home & abroad”
Tuskegee Airmen
Executive Order 8802
A. Philip Randolph
Prohibits racial discrimination in the national defense industry
Executive Order 9981
1948: Truman Desegregates Armed Forces
How was WWII a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?

3. Consequences of WWII--Europe
61 countries; 1.7 billion people took part
¾ of the world's population
110 million persons were mobilized for military service
more than half of those by three countries
USSR (22-30 million),
Germany (17 million),
United States (16 million)

4. Consequences of WWII in Europe
Enormous human and economic costs
Country
Military
Civilian
Total
USSR
12 million
17 million
29 million
Poland
597,000
5.86 million
6.27 million
Germany
3.25 million
2.44 million
5.69 million
Yugoslavia
305,000
1.35 million
1.66 million
France
245,000
350,000
595,000
Italy
380,000
153,000
533,000
G.B.
403,000
92,700
495,000
U.S.
407,000
6,000
413,000
War
Military Dead
Civilian Dead
WWI
95% 5%
WWII
33%
67%

5. Consequences of WWII--Europe
Economic Costs
Countries plundered of economic resources
War Cost: Over $1 trillion
US ($341); Germany ($272); USSR ($192)
USSR lost 30% of its nations wealth
Germany: 5 BILLION cubic yards of rubble

6. Consequences of WWII-- Massive Human Dislocations

7. WWII…Setting the Stage for the Cold War…

8. Tehran Conference (Nov. 1943)
1st major meeting of FDR, Churchill, and Stalin (the Big 3)
Soviets agree to launch offensive on Eastern Front as US/Brits launch invasion of France (1944)
Soviets pledge to aid in war against Japan after Germany defeated
Stalin agrees to formation of U.N. after the war
FDR/Stalin discuss division Germany after the war
Begin discussing fate of E. Europe… FDR calls for free elections if Baltic states were to join Soviet Union…Stalin pushes back on this…why?

9. Yalta: February 1945 2nd mtg. of FDR, Churchill, Stalin
Soviets agree to join war v. Japan, in exchange…
Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria; Sakhalin; and Kurile Islands
FDR and Churchill concede E. European nations bordering USSR should be “Soviet friendly,” in exchange…
Soviets pledge free elections in all land liberated from Nazi Germany
FDR & Stalin divided and weak Germany
Churchill wants a strong Germany…why?
Lay out framework for United Nations (5 member Security Council)

10. Potsdam: July 1945 Major Changes Since Yalta (5 Mos.)
FDR dead, Churchill replaced as PM during conference.
Stalin only original…meet to discuss post-war Europe
Truman very suspicious of Stalin; Ardent anti-communist
The United States reveals it has the A-bomb…
Who might Truman have been trying to intimidate?
Allies agree Germany is to be divided into occupation zones (US, GB, FR, & Soviet zones)
But disagree over issue of reparations and economic unity…
Revise German, Poland, Soviet border to benefit Soviets
Tensions high b/n U.S. & Soviets
Clement Atlee; Harry Truman; Joseph Stalin

11. Conference Summary Questions
Summarize the major agreements made at the…
Tehran Conference
Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference
How did the relationship between the 3 major powers change over the course of the 3 meetings?
In what ways did the Potsdam Conference foreshadow the coming Cold War?
What might be meant by a Cold War?
Why do you think the U.S. and Soviet Union emerged from WWII as the sole superpowers?

12. Consequences of WWII--Europe
Division of Germany and Europe and creation of “Iron Curtain”
Germany ÷ into a western (US, GB, FR) and eastern sector (Soviet) as was Berlin
Stalin installs pro-Soviet governments in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania
Stalin supports communist governments in Albania and Yugoslavia
Stalin bars free elections in Poland…
Winston Churchill: “An Iron Curtain has descended across the continent”

15. Consequences of WWII--Europe
The creation of two visions of the post war world:
American/Western Vision: UN to deter aggression
Collective security = NOT appease future aggressor nations.
Establish “friendly” governments
USSR: Treated as major power
Disarm/weaken Germany
Russia would be surrounded by "friendly" governments in Eastern Europe

16. Consequences of WWII--Europe
The Cold War Begins: US & USSR emerge as 2 superpowers

17. Consequences of WWII--Europe
Introduction of Nuclear Weaponry and the arms race

18. Summary Questions
How was the Potsdam Conference a sign of the growing tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union and the coming Cold War.
Why do you think the U.S. and Soviet Union emerged from WWII as the sole superpowers? What might be meant by a Cold War?

19. Additional Consequences of WWII

20. Consequences of WWII— Decolonization of European Empires

21. America Emerges from the Depression
Significant benefits for the US and Americans.
The Depression ended.
Many previously unemployable Americans found new, but short-lived, job opportunities - Mexicans, Native Americans, African Americans, women.
Capitalism remained intact and strengthened.
A permanent war time economy emerged.
The role of the federal government was strengthened.
The nation underwent a permanent demographic shift by moving in greater numbers to cities.
The GI bill was passed and helped many Americans achieve the American Dream.

22. Roots of Israeli—Palestinian Conflict
What do you do with the millions of dislocated Jews in Europe
Zionist Movement
Balfour Declaration
1917: Formal statement by British government supporting the formation of a Jewish state in Palestine
Sykes-Picot Agreement
1916: British guarantee of recognizing an independent Arab state in Palestine

23. Nuremberg Trials: Crimes Against Humanity